將一千首歌曲裝進口袋
——開啟音樂文化傳播與保存的新紀元

文/五花肉

將一千首歌曲裝進口袋
——開啟音樂文化傳播與保存的新紀元

1000 Songs in Your Pocket—Launch new era of communication and recording of musical civilization

文/五花肉

如果說文學是語言的藝術，那么音樂就是聲音的藝術，用聽覺意象來表達人們的現實生活情感?；蛟S音樂的鑒賞并沒有統一的標準，但優美的旋律背后自有其審美體系和客觀規律，遵循這些體系和規律恰恰是保證音樂藝術質量的不二法門。新的一年，讓我們走進全新的“樂中有話”。

——編者

14年前，蘋果公司創始人喬布斯以“將一千首歌曲裝進口袋”為愿景，推出iPod音樂播放器，使欣賞音樂變得隨時隨地、觸手可得?？梢哉f，這句看似簡單的廣告語背后卻濃縮著人類歷史上借助留聲機和唱片等媒體，以聽覺方式獲取、儲存并復現聲音信息的進步軌跡……

14 years ago, Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Inc, proposed an idea of "1000 songs in your pocket" and launched iPod players, which enabled people to enjoy music anywhere anytime.The slogan reflected the progress made on the music media technology such as gramophone and records during 100 years.

把聲音寫在紙上

Record Music on the Paper Score

19世紀下半葉，經典物理學趨近完善，其中的聲學研究也達到一個巔峰，盡管科學家已為人類指明了記錄聲音的基本原理，但當時的音樂出版行業并未想到要把美妙的音樂保存并重現出來，而仍然以印刷樂譜作為主要產品。

In the later 19th century , theory of classical physics came to be perfect and great progress was made on acoustics research.Even though the scientific principle of record was developed, music could not be reproduced and was only recorded on paper score.

一臺會說話的機器

A Talking Machine

“瑪麗有只小綿羊……不管瑪麗到哪里，小羊總在她身旁?！睉{借一支唱針、一片錫箔和一個圓筒，138年前，愛迪生發明了一臺會說話的機器——手搖圓筒留聲機。"Mary had a little lamb...and everywhere that M ary went the lamb was sure to go".By a stylus；a piece of tinfoil ;and a cylinder, Thomas Edison invented gramophone, a talking machine.

1857年，法國科學家斯科特發明聲波記振儀，以“圖像”形式使人類首次實現對聲音信號的轉化，成為留聲機的鼻祖。

雖然簡陋的錄音圓筒無法進行拷貝復制，但通過錄制和播放這段時長僅8秒的聲音，轉瞬即逝的音樂信息終于可以存留，人類就此開啟了音樂文化傳播與保存的新紀元。

1877年愛迪生和他的留聲機；這種錄音筒直徑僅5.5cm，長10.5cm，表面刻有音槽，每個可錄音4分多鐘，以手搖留聲機再現其聲音。

愛迪生1904年發明的第一代圓筒唱片

Though the record cy linder could not be copied, Edison recorded the rhyme of 8 seconds mentioned above by the gramophone, which made it possible to record sound and launched a new era of music media civilization.

“筒”“盤”之爭

Com petition between "Cylinder" and "Disc"

十年之后，柏林納發明了以鍍金銅模作為母盤，用蟲膠為原料進行澆注拷貝的唱片復制法，滿足了低成本復制錄音母版的需求。碟片式錄音機取代圓筒留聲機，消除了音樂規?；咝鞑サ募夹g障礙，為以唱片復制為特征的世界音樂產業奠定了最重要的技術基礎。

10 years after the gramophone invention, Em ile Berliner invented the record copy technology.People manufactured mother discs w ith gold plated copper and copied on Shellac records.

1910至1929年間，柏林納與他的留聲機

為了減小唱片磨損、提升音質，當時的人們開始了以播放試驗和“錄音距離測試”為標志的大規模和有一定技術規范的音樂錄音活動，而同期由丹麥科學家普爾森利用剩磁原理發明的鋼絲錄音機，則成為20世紀30年代磁帶錄音機的技術源頭。

In order to improve the acoustic fidelity, people started to execute playback test and recording distance test ；and developed standards for music recording.A t the same time, Danish scientist Valdemar Poulsen invented the w ire videoco rder on the basis o f remanence principle, which was origin of tape record in the 1930s.

將腦袋伸進喇叭口

Put Head into Amp lifier

百代公司出品的中文圓筒唱片，約1900年

鋼絲錄音機

Stroh小提琴

盡管柴可夫斯基認為錄音技術“是19世紀所有發明中最驚人、最美麗，也是最有趣的一例?！钡钡?925年電聲技術出現以前，人們只能借助大喇叭，通過機械裝置將聲音波形刻制在松軟的蠟質碟片上。

Even though great artist Peter Lynch Tchaikovsky regarded the record technology as " the m ost interesting；beautiful and sensational invention in the 19th century", people only recorded music on the wax discs w ith amplifier before the appearance of electracoustics technology in 1925.

這種原始的純“機械”錄制方式，迫使當時參與錄音的音樂家們不得不擁擠在喇叭口周圍，指揮家們被迫壓縮樂隊編制，器樂家們則忍痛拆解鋼琴、改造提琴，有些人還必須在演奏過程中來回奔跑，甚至有歌者將腦袋伸進了喇叭口，然而辛勤付出換來的卻只是聽起來干癟空洞的音樂。This backward technology made performers squeeze around the amp lifier.Conductors had to cut the orchestra；violinists and pianists had to remould their instruments；some artists had to run back and forth in the performance and some singer even put their heads into the amplifiers.A ll that they did only produced poor fidelity music.

所幸的是當時的歐美各大唱片廠家就已逐漸認識到產品品牌建設的重要性，并開始著手與“唱片藝術家”建立互利共生的合作關系。Luckily, famous record com panies in Europe and America recognized the importance of brand building and launch to build a mutual-benefit cooperation relationship w ith music artists.

樂隊錄音

結語

Conclusion

從圓筒留聲機到碟片式錄音機，人們用半個世紀的時間，通過發明唱片復制法、開展標準化的音樂錄音活動以及品牌建設，在略顯尷尬的聲學錄音時代，為唱片工業的精確化、規范化和標準化打下基礎，本質性地改變了以口傳和樂譜為標準的音樂作品傳承方式，深刻影響了近現代世界的音樂生態，就此開啟了音樂文化傳播與保存的新紀元。（未完待續）

In the stage of acoustic recording, from gramophone to disc, people spent half a century on developing music media；standardizing music record and building musical brand, which laid the foundation for standardization and lean production in recording industry.Advance in music media technology remarkably changed mode of music transm ission in words and paper；greatly influenced modern musical ecosystem in the world and launched new era of communication and recording of musical civilization.(To be continued)

（支持單位：上海市質量與標準化研究院）