鄧遠建+肖銳+嚴立冬
摘要
安全的產地環境為綠色農產品生產和綠色農業可持續發展奠定了良好的物質基礎,是保證消費者食品安全的源頭。農業生態補償是通過綜合利用行政、法律、經濟等手段,對造成農業生態環境污染、農業生態破壞的個人和組織的負外部性行為進行收費(稅),對恢復、維持和增強農業生態系統服務功能做出貢獻的個人和組織的正外部性行為給予經濟補償的一種制度。為了了解區域綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策的實施效果,本文以武漢市重要的農產品生產和供應基地東西湖區為例,運用層次分析法與模糊綜合分析法,以生態價值、經濟價值和社會價值為價值取向,構建了包括職能指標、效益指標、潛力指標3個一級指標,10個二級指標和39個三級指標體系,對東西湖區農業生態補償政策實施績效進行評價。評價結果表明,東西湖區在實施綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策前后效益變化分值差都在30以上,最低變化值為31.42,最高變化值為59.75。其中,政策目的設計、政策戰略規劃、政策反饋指標、經濟效益、生態效益、社會效益和行政組織建設等方面的變化值都在50以上,政策實施管理指標、資源利用、農業生態補償技術的變化值都在30以上。由此可以看出,綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策發揮了一定的作用,但還有進一步提升空間。為此,要加強綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策實施管理,提高綠色農業產地環境生態資本利用效率,提升綠色農業產地環境生態補償技術水平。
關鍵詞綠色農業產地環境;生態補償;績效評價;東西湖區
中圖分類號F323.22,F062.2
文獻標識碼A
文章編號1002-2104(2015)01-0120-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.017
綠色農業產地環境是指進行綠色農業生產活動區域內的土壤、水、大氣等自然環境條件的具體狀況。綠色農業產地環境安全與否直接關系到生產出的農產品是否符合綠色農產品要求。安全的生態環境,尤其是產地環境為發展綠色農業奠定了物質基礎,生態環境的良性自演替會適合更高級別綠色農產品的生產[1]。與傳統農業和常規農業相比,發展綠色農業對生態環境的標準要求更高。針對綠色農業發展的這一要求和產地環境現狀,通過農業生態補償政策調整引導農民采取“生態友好型”生產方式,更有效地實現激勵——抑制效應[2],是實現綠色農業產地環境保護的有效途徑。從目前國內外生態補償與農業生態補償研究現狀來看,主要集中在對農業生態補償的內涵界定與補償實踐效果分析[3],補償機制建立與政策支持[4],補償主客體的確定與激勵制度[5],補償標準核算及補償方式選擇[6-7]等方面。運用的研究方法主要是在借鑒國外相關成果的基礎上,將定性研究與定量推算、理論研究與實證分析相結合。未來研究的重要趨勢和方向是從新方法突破、空間優選拓展和補償績效評估等方面加以深化[8]。鑒于此,本文選取武漢市重要的綠色農產品供應基地——東西湖區作為研究區域,運用層次分析法與模糊綜合分析法,構建了包括職能指標、效益指標、潛力指標3個一級指標,10個二級指標和39個三級指標體系,客觀評價其綠色農業生態補償政策的實施績效,為進一步完善綠色農業產地環境生態補償機制與政策提供參考。
1研究區域
1.1東西湖區地理區位
東西湖區隸屬于湖北省武漢市,地處長江左岸,武漢市的西北部,漢江、漢北河及府環河匯合之處。東西湖區位于北緯30°34′-30°47′,東經113°53′-114°30′之間,是古云夢澤的一部分。1958年,由漢陽、黃陂、孝感、漢川部分地區組成。全境東西長38 km,南北寬22.5 km,總面積499.71 km2。東西湖區先后獲得了省級農村黨的建設“三級聯創”先進區、省級“兩型”社會改革試驗示范區。東西湖區地貌屬崗邊湖積平原,四周高、中間低,狀如盆碟,自西向東傾斜;屬北亞熱帶季風氣候區,光照充足,雨量充沛,水源豐富,四季分明。因此,東西湖區農業生產條件良好,是武漢市的重要農產品供應基地。2002年,東西湖區被確定為全國生態示范建設試點地區。2005年,東西湖區經國家發改委和環境保護部(當時為環保總局)批準,成為中國第一批循環經濟試點之一。
1.2東西湖區農業生態環境問題
在綠色農業生態補償政策和措施實施前,東西湖區的農業生產還存在諸多不足。武漢市衛生防疫站曾在市場購得小白菜樣品53份進行檢測,有機氯檢出率達100%。菜農自主種植經營,控制農藥污染的難度大大增加。有的菜農在經濟利益驅動下,盲目加大使用化學農藥的劑量,違章使用高毒、高殘留農藥,增加了病蟲害的抗藥性,使農藥施用量不斷加大,從而帶來了嚴重后果。通過對東西湖區稻米中有機氯農藥殘留量進行監測分析,發現稻谷的六六六殘留量最高,其平均值超過國家標準0.9倍,超標率達54%,樣本最高達1.324 mg/kg,超過國家標準4.4倍。在東西湖區的農業生產中,有機肥仍受到冷落,施用量相對較低。有機肥施用的比例由20世紀60年代的9∶1下降到3∶7,土壤中有機質含量以6‰的速度遞減,在化學肥料大量施用同時,放棄了有機肥的施用,每年大量寶貴的糞肥資源流失到江河湖泊,造成不同程度的水源污染。上述農業生態環境問題,給東西湖區綠色農業產地環境造成了一定影響,給消費者的食品安全也造成不同程度的危害。
鄧遠建等:綠色農業產地環境的生態補償政策績效評價
中國人口·資源與環境2015年第1期
1.3東西湖區生態補償政策措施
為了消除產地生態環境問題對綠色農產品生產的負面影響,東西湖區加大了生態補償力度,大力實施生態農業工程、湖泊修復工程、耕地保護工程等綠色農業生態補償政策措施,一定程度上改善了農村能源結構,保護了農業生態環境,實現了政府、企業、農民共贏局面,促進了區域生態、經濟和社會效益的有機統一,提升了綠色農業產地環境質量水平。
1.3.1生態農業工程
在生態農業工程方面,一是推廣農業“三品”生產。目前,東西湖區已形成了無公害食品、綠色食品、有機食品三級基地建設網絡。如慈惠農場有機蔬菜基地面積200畝,年產有機蔬菜300 t,并注冊了“尚原堂”商標,建立了有機蔬菜包裝二維條碼產品質量追溯系統,提高了品牌意識和質量保障。二是建設生態農莊。如在東山建設了100畝生態農莊,2萬頭生豬養殖沼氣工程,實現沼氣、沼渣、沼液全部綜合利用,形成“豬——沼——電——果——游”循環農業示范園,同時制定相關政策,給農民提供資金和技術等方面的補償。三是倡導生態種植。推廣“蛙——稻”、“鴨——稻”種植模式,形成“稻——蟲——蛙(鴨)——稻”的天然食物鏈,既生產出無污染、高品質的農產品,又減少了農藥的施用量,還可增加副產品的收入。四是發展生態養殖。推廣健康(標準化)養殖、生態養殖、清潔養殖,設置養殖水源凈化區、生態養殖區及養殖廢水處理區等三個功能區,減少牲畜糞便對水環境的污染。
1.3.2湖泊修復工程
在湖泊修復工程方面,一是退田還湖。通過平退,可以保持自然植被,防止湖區水土流失,減緩泥沙沉淀的速度;解決農民耕種時施加的農藥、化肥等污染問題;通過生態修復,恢復天然湖濱帶,綠化美化了湖岸景觀,攔截凈化了入湖污染,提高了湖泊自凈能力,為全湖性水生生態的恢復創造了良好條件。目前,東西湖區計劃實施3.9萬畝退田還湖工程,納入綠色農業生態補償整體設計。還湖工程會收回大量農田、魚塘,就必然與當地農戶的利益產生沖突。生態補償工程通過專項資金給予農戶直接資金補償,且提供技術支持提高生產率,保證農戶的收入水平穩步提高,從而確保退田還湖工程的可持續推進。二是生態清淤。生態清淤涉及對湖泊水質進行凈化、對過境河道進行疏浚溝通,是東西湖區水生態環境補償的一項重要工作,是減輕東西湖污染負荷的有效措施。
1.3.3耕地保護工程
在耕地保護工程方面,一是進行耕地數量保護。東西湖區人口較為密集,人均耕地數相對較少。近年來,武漢城市化進程加快發展,飛速擴張的工業用地擠占了大量的優質農田,農業耕地保護形勢嚴峻。為此,東西湖區制定了基本農田保護區規劃,以土地詳查數為基礎,全面完成劃定基本農田保護區,以對城鎮建設規模形成有效控制。在保證耕地數量不減少的同時,主動出擊,設法增加耕地供應,實施“工業向園區集中,農民向集鎮集中”戰略。二是耕地質量保護。具體措施包括:①廣辟有機肥源,增加土壤有機質投入。如大力發展健康畜牧養殖業,不僅可提供優質糞肥,還可開發利用菌菇渣肥,每畝增加菌渣肥1 t以上。②實行統測統配,合理施用化肥。在全區推廣了測土配方施肥和平衡施肥技術,根據不同作物的生育特點和需肥規律以及不同土壤的供肥能力,實行化肥統測統配統供模式,改過去的單供氮肥為氮、磷、鉀、鋅、硼、硅等全面合理配比施用,使化肥總用量逐年下降,土壤營養元素逐步趨向平衡。
2評價指標體系構建
隨著綠色農業發展、湖泊修復、耕地保護等生態補償政策的逐步推行,東西湖區綠色農業產地環境質量不斷得到提升。為了客觀評價綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策的實施效果,本文在充分遵循可行性、層次性、系統性、及時性、階段性、動態性等原則的基礎上,構建綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策績效評價指標體系,并將評價指標分為三層,由職能指標、效益指標、潛力指標3個一級指標,10個二級指標和39個三級指標構成[9-10]。當然,其他部門或地方在具體應用時可以考慮其實際情況進行增減。具體內容見表1。
職能指標是針對職能績效進行測量的指標,是政府在其職能范圍內所表現出的績效水平。它檢驗的是政府生態環境管理的基本職能,是績效指標體系的主體,可以從綠色農業產地環境生態補償法規制定、生態補償實施管理、生態補償意識宣傳、生態補償效能等方面來綜合評價。其中,綠色農業產地環境生態補償效能是評價行政機構履行生態補償組織職責效率的重要指標,是行政機關管理水平的一種綜合反映。
效益指標是測量綠色農業產地環境生態補償效果以及對綠色農業生產和整個社會經濟發展影響和貢獻,具有間接性和根本性。這一指標直接考察綠色農業產地環境生態補償反映在環境、社會和生活中的效果。綠色農業產地環境生態補償的效益主要分為環境效益和經濟、社會效益兩方面,環境效益主要體現在大氣、水、土壤、物種多樣性等生態環境狀況的改善,社會效益主要體現在對綠色農業生產的促進作用以及公眾對環境保護的滿意度等。
綠色農業產地環境績效既體現在外部環境的變化上,同時也體現在其內部的管理和能力建設上,潛力指標反映的是綠色農業產地環境生態補償的管理水平。它是履行生態補償職能的基礎,也是政府環境績效持續改善的保證,因此,潛力指標在整個體系中也占有相當重要的地位。潛力指標主要包括生態、環保產業投資、生態補償機構設置、生態補償管理人員的交流和培訓以及相關科研狀況等。
3績效評價
3.1確定指標權重
根據AHP法的遞階層次分析結構,設以O為比較準則,A層次各因素的兩兩比較判斷矩陣為OA,類似地以Bi為比較準則,C層次各因素的兩兩比較判斷矩陣為BiC。因此,得到14個比較判斷矩陣,其中,OA比較判斷矩
陣如表2所示,A1B、A2B、A3B、B1C、B2C、B3C、B4C、B5C、B6C、B7C、B8C、B9C、B10C與OA比較判斷矩陣類似,限于篇幅不一一列出。
3.2確定層次單排序
形如表2所列出的判斷矩陣,是針對上一層次而言進行兩兩評比的評定數據。層次單排序是把本層所有各元素對上一層來說,排出評比順序,這就要在判斷矩陣上進行計算,計算方法如下:
(1)計算判斷矩陣每一行元素的乘積Mj,計算公式為:
Mj=∏nj=1bij(i=1,2....n)
(2)計算Mi的n次方根Wi:
Wi=nMi
(3)對向量W=[Wi,W2…Wn]T進行歸一化處理:
Wi=Wi
∑nj=1Wi
則W=[W1,W2…Wn]T為所求的特征向量。
(4)計算判斷矩陣的最大特征值λmax:
λmax=∑ni=1(AW)inWi
3.3進行一致性檢驗
為了保證應用層次分析法得到的結論合理化,還需要判斷矩陣的一致性。這里引入一致性指標CI(Consistency Index)作為衡量不一致程度的數量標準。
CI=λmax-nn-1
,其中,
λmax
為判斷矩陣的最大特征值。當判斷矩陣的最大特征值稍大于n,稱A具有滿意的一致性,其量化標準為平均隨機一致性指標,即RI值(見表3)。v
(3)分指標來看,在二級指標中,政策目的設計、政策戰略規劃、政策反饋指標、經濟效益、生態效益、社會效益和行政組織建設等的變化值都在50以上;政策實施管理指標、資源利用、農業生態補償技術的變化值都在30以上,其中,資源利用的變化值為48.475,接近50。這說明政策實施管理指標、資源利用、農業生態補償技術是綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策的薄弱環節,也是完善綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策和機制的方向。
4.2對策建議
4.2.1加強綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策實施管理
綠色農業生態資本的投資效率低下,綠色農業生態資本的損失狀況嚴重,這往往與缺乏有效的生態補償管理政策存在密切關聯。制定有效的生態資本投資和生態補償管理政策,就能優化綠色農業產地環境建設的投資結構和投資主體,這對解決綠色農業產地環境的生態問題有積極的作用。為此,在完善區域綠色農業生態補償政策過程中,要充分考慮農戶的生態利益訴求,協調好企業和消費者的利益,加強生態補償政策實施的管理,構建生態文化創新、生態技術創新、生態制度創新三位一體的綠色農業產地環境生態補償績效創新管理體制,進一步完善綠色農業產地環境生態補償機制與政策。
4.2.2提高綠色農業產地環境生態資本利用效率
東西湖區綠色農業產地環境生態補償政策績效達到了綠色農業生態資本在運營載體上的經濟發展、生態環境和社會環境影響等方面均衡的狀態,一定程度上實現了綠色農業生態資本積累的目標和要求,為綠色農產品生產提供了生態條件支撐。[11]但也應該看到,產地環境還存在綠色農業生態資本利用率偏低的問題,因此,要繼續大力實施生態(綠色)農業工程、湖泊修復工程和耕地保護工程,并進一步加大農業面源污染治理力度,保護好綠色農業產地氣候環境,提高綠色農業生態資本利用效率[12]。
4.2.3提升綠色農業產地環境生態補償技術水平
生態補償技術是健全生態補償機制和網絡體系的重要一環。提升綠色農業產地環境的生態補償技術水平,首先要求大力推廣資源節約型與環境友好型綠色農業技術,比如耕地節肥,農作物節藥、節水等技術的采用,推廣農業生產清潔化,鼓勵農戶將畜禽糞便進行資源化處理和利用,控制過量使用化肥、農藥,從而減少農業面源污染,推行農村垃圾的集中處理,控制農村點源污染。同時,要進一步明確生態補償的主體和客體,確定合理的生態補償標準體系,加強生態補償資金的使用與管理,探索多種生態補償方式和途徑,增強生態補償的針對性,進而建立綠色農業產地環境建設的長效補償機制。
(編輯:田紅)
參考文獻(Reference)
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[2]王艷秀,王洪會.促進綠色農業發展的對策:基于生態補償視角[J].江南論壇,2012,(6):14-15.[Wang Yanxiu, Wang Honghui. Countermeasures to Promote the Development of Green Agriculture: Based on the Perspective of Ecological Compensation [J]. Jiangnan Forum, 2012,(6):14-15.]
[3]王歐,宋洪遠.建立農業生態補償機制的探討[J].農業經濟問題,2005,(6):22-28.[Wang Ou, Song Hongyuan. Discussion on the Compensation Mechanism of Agriculture [J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2005,(6): 22-28.]
[4]孫才志,馬國棟,湯瑋佳.基于虛擬資源—生態要素流動視角的中國農業生態補償機制研究[J].水利經濟,2013,31(6):1-12.[Sun Caizhi, Ma Guodong, Tang Weijia. Chinas Agricultural Ecological Compensation Mechanism from Perspective of Virtual Resources and Ecological Factor Flows [J]. Journal of Economics of Water Resources, 2013, 31(6): 1-12.]
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區綠洲農田土壤污染生態補償標準測算[J].干旱區資源與環境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛萍,孫濤.基于生態需水保障的農業生態補償標準[J].生態學報,2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農業生態補償研究進展與展望[J].中國農業科學,2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,喬長濤,等.湖北省環境保護與生態補償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,屈志光.綠色農業生態資本積累機制與政策研究[J].中國農業科學,2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區綠洲農田土壤污染生態補償標準測算[J].干旱區資源與環境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛萍,孫濤.基于生態需水保障的農業生態補償標準[J].生態學報,2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農業生態補償研究進展與展望[J].中國農業科學,2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,喬長濤,等.湖北省環境保護與生態補償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,屈志光.綠色農業生態資本積累機制與政策研究[J].中國農業科學,2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District
[5]Robert Home, Oliver Balmer, Ingrid Jahrl, Matthias Stolze, Lukas Pfiffner. Motivations for Implementation of Ecological Compensation Areas on Swiss Lowland Farms[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2014, 34: 26-36.
[6]汪霞,南忠仁,郭奇.干旱區綠洲農田土壤污染生態補償標準測算[J].干旱區資源與環境,2012,26(12):46-52 [Wang Xia, Nan Zhongren, Guo Qi. Calculation of the Compensation Criteria for Ecological Restoration of the Contaminated Arid Oasis Soil [J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(12): 46-52.]
[7]龐愛萍,孫濤.基于生態需水保障的農業生態補償標準[J].生態學報,2012,32(8):2550-2560.[Pang Aiping, Sun Tao.A Method of Determining Standards for Ecological Compensation in Agricultural AreasGiving Priority to Environmental Flows in Water Allocation[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(8): 2550-2560.]
[8]嚴立冬,田苗,何棟材,等.農業生態補償研究進展與展望[J].中國農業科學,2013,46(17):3615-3625.[Yan Lidong, Tian Miao,He Dengcai et al. Progress and Prospect in Research of Ecological Compensation for Agriculture [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(17): 3615-3625]
[9]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,喬長濤,等.湖北省環境保護與生態補償政策研究[M].武漢:湖北人民出版社,2013.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qiao Changtao, et al. Research on the Environmental Protection and Ecological Compensation Policies in Hubei Province [M]. Wuhan:Hubei Peoples Press, 2013]
[10]Marie A. Brown, Bruce D. Clarkson, Barry J. Barton, Chaitanya Joshi. Ecological Compensation: An Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance in New Zealand [J]. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2013, 31 (1): 34-44.
[11]嚴立冬,鄧遠建,屈志光.綠色農業生態資本積累機制與政策研究[J].中國農業科學,2011,44(5):1046-1055.[Yan Lidong, Deng Yuanjian, Qu Zhiguang. Research on the Mechanism and Policies of the Green Agroecological Capital Accumulation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(5): 1046-1055.]
[12]IShin Chang, Jing Wu, Yanxia Yang, Mingmin Shi, Xiaochun Li. Ecological Compensation for Natural Resource Utilization in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2014, 57 (2): 273-296.
Research on the Evaluation of Ecological Compensation Policies of
Green Agricultural Producing Areas: a Case in Dongxihu District in Wuhan
DENG YuanjianXIAO RuiYAN Lidong
(School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)
AbstractThe security environment of the place of origin laid a good foundation for the green production and green agricultural sustainable development, and it is the source to ensure the consumers food safety. Agricultural ecological compensation is a system which charges for the negative externality behaviors of individuals and organizations which pollute agricultural ecological environment and agricultural ecology, and give economic compensation to those positive externalities behaviors of individuals and organizations which contribute to restoring, maintaining and strengthening the service function of agricultural ecosystem by using administrative, legal, economic means and other means comprehensively. To have a better understanding of these policies in green agriculture producing area, a case contains the big agricultural production and supply base in Dongxihu District is selected to evaluate the performance of these policies. With ecological value, economic value and social value as the value orientation, this paper applies AHP and fuzzy comprehensive analysis methods to build an evaluation system of the performances which contains three standards of function index, efficiency index and potential index on level 1, 10 standards on level 2 and 39 indexes on level 3. The conclusion is that the evaluation score of the performances raises almost 30 ranging from the minimum 31.24 to the maximum 59.75 with the adopting of the policies in the research area. Among them, the change of policy goal design, strategic planning, policy feedback index, economic effectiveness, ecological effectiveness, social effectiveness and the construction of administrative organization value is above 50; the change of policy management index, resource utilization, agricultural ecological compensation technology values is more than 30. Therefore, the ecological compensation policies do work effectively and an improving promotion is further needed. Relevant departments ought to strengthen the implementation management of environmental ecological compensation policy, improve the ecological capital using efficiency and enhance the level of ecological compensation of agricultural technology in green agricultural areas.
Key wordsenvironment in green agricultural producing areas; ecological compensation policies; evaluation of the policy performance; Dongxihu District