999精品在线视频,手机成人午夜在线视频,久久不卡国产精品无码,中日无码在线观看,成人av手机在线观看,日韩精品亚洲一区中文字幕,亚洲av无码人妻,四虎国产在线观看 ?

投資激勵視角下農產品供應鏈治理結構優化

2015-01-13 00:16:05浦徐進范旺達
中國人口·資源與環境 2015年1期

浦徐進+范旺達

摘要

本研究針對“公司+農戶”型供應鏈面臨的雙邊投資意愿不足的現實困境,論文嘗試在不對稱納什談判博弈和Stacklberg博弈的框架下,分析“公司+合作社+農戶”型農產品供應鏈提升雙邊投資意愿的理論依據,從而為農產品供應鏈的治理結構優化提出政策建議。數理模型分析顯示:①與“公司+農戶”型供應鏈相比,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中的農戶種植投資和公司銷售投資的意愿均能得到提升。②“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈的農戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關;當合作社具有相對較強的談判力時,即使合作社規定的資本留存率較高,農戶利潤水平依然能夠高于“公司+農戶”型供應鏈。③當合作社談判力在某一特定范圍內時,公司與農戶利潤水平均能實現Pareto改進。④當考慮到公司和農戶進行長期合作時,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中確保農戶履約的保證金閾值顯著低于“公司+農戶”型供應鏈。最后,利用數值仿真分析了合作社談判能力、資本留存率等因素對公司與農戶利潤水平的影響以及農戶保證金閾值的變化。論文研究結果表明,由于農戶和公司在“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中的地位更為平等,合作社能夠形成對于公司的制衡力量,這大大降低了農戶進行種植投資后可能面臨的“敲竹杠”風險,農戶的種植投資意愿得到提升。當農戶加大種植投資后,合格農產品產量將會提高,這反過來又會激勵公司提升銷售投資意愿來獲得更多的利潤。因此,我國未來農業產業化經營模式的制度創新必須以農民專業合作社的壯大為基礎,大力發展“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈,這不僅有助于更好地保障農產品質量安全;也有助于讓農戶平等參與現代化進程,共同分享現代化成果。

關鍵詞農產品供應鏈;雙邊投資;合作社;不對稱納什談判

中圖分類號F306文獻標識碼A文章編號1002-2104(2015)01-0152-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.021

根據農業部對我國農業產業化經營模式的調查統計結果顯示,“公司+農戶”型供應鏈是目前采用率最高的模式[1]。然而,考慮到雙方現實地位不平等、農業經營活動具有的高度不確定性以及由此帶來的機會主義行為等問題,我國“公司+農戶”型供應鏈的現實運行呈現出典型的不完全契約特征。一方面,處于弱勢地位的農戶擔心進行專用性投資后可能會面臨被對方“敲竹杠”(hold-up)的風險,因此在事前就會表現出種植投資不足;另一方面,公司憑借自己的優勢地位可以對農戶施加影響而獲得超額利潤,因此也缺乏必要的銷售投資意愿,雙方的合作將陷入了“雙輸”的囚徒困境[2]。針對“公司+農戶”型供應鏈現實運行中存在的問題,本文結合我國專業合作社迅猛發展的現實,嘗試通過數理模型構建和分析,對“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈在提升雙邊投資意愿、增進農戶和公司收益等方面具有的優越性進行理論證明,從而為我國農業產業化經營模式的制度創新提出政策建議。

1文獻綜述

長期以來,“公司+農戶”型供應鏈運行中可能出現的契約失效、組織解體等問題是學術界關注的研究熱點。Lowe和Precket[3]認為農產品供應鏈的管理要比其他類型供應鏈的管理更為困難,因為有著更長的提前期、更為不確定的供給和需求。Yu等[4]指出,若在公司和農戶間的契約中僅僅含有價格條款,將不能保證雙方交易的公平,也不能保證供應鏈長期穩定運作。Hirschauer和Musshoff[5]證明,如果公司和農戶間的契約機制不能懲罰違約者,那么設計的契約事實上是無效的。Federico等[6]對英國乳制品供應鏈開展的實證研究表明,由于乳制品企業與農戶的市場地位失衡,加之經濟全球化所帶來的外部競爭壓力,使得農戶的利潤空間縮小。

事實上,農產品供應鏈種植和銷售環節往往需要資產專用性很強的投資。例如,種植過程中的農產品、化肥農藥、農用機械設備等投資具有專用性,而銷售過程中的儲藏設備、保鮮處理等投資同樣也具有專用性。Grossman和Hart[7]、Hart和Moore[8]建立的GHM模型中指出,如果一方在簽約后進行專用性投資,那么將存在被對方“敲竹杠”的風險,進而導致其投資激勵的不足。只有通過有效的產權或其他恰當的合同安排,才能提高交易事前和事后的效率。葉飛等[9]發現,傳統的“保底收購,隨行就市”價格機制并不能很好地協調“公司+農戶”供應鏈,在此基礎上他們設計了一種能增強供應鏈穩健性的“B-S期權定價+生產協作+保證金”協調機制。近年來,隨著農戶組織化程度的加深,許多學者通過實證分析研究了合作社在改善農戶市場地位、促進農戶增收中的作用。Barrett等[10]運用固定效用回歸模型處理了五個發展中國家訂單農業發展情況的面板數據后認為,公司傾向于與合作社中的農戶合作,而且加入合作社的農戶收入往往高于其他農戶。羅必良等[11]認為,進行農業產業化經營的農戶,雖然實現了規模化生產但同時也增加了其資產專用性程度,從而面臨更大的市場風險,通過建立合作社提高農民的市場地位是解決這一問題的有效途徑之一。

浦徐進等:投資激勵視角下農產品供應鏈治理結構優化

中國人口·資源與環境2015年第1期

2問題描述與假設

種植環節投資(例如優化種植技術、購置先進種植設備等)和銷售環節投資(例如改進包裝技術、購置保鮮容器等)共同決定供應鏈的最終產出,我們假設種植投資將影響合格農產品的產量,而銷售投資將影響銷售價格。參考Xie et al.[12]的研究,當種植投資為ef時,合格農產品產量為a(1+ef),其中a為基礎產量,種植投入成本為12βfe2f,βf為種植成本系數;當銷售投資為er時,市場銷售價格為p=p(1+er),其中p為基礎銷售價格,銷售投入成本為12βre2r,βr為銷售成本系數。另外假設cf和cr分別為單位農產品的種植成本和銷售成本,并且為保證種植并銷售農產品有利可圖,我們有k=p-cf-cr>0。

下文用下標“f”、“c”、“e”分別代表農戶(farmer)、合作社(cooperative)和公司(enterprise),用不同的字母上標代表不同的模式,其中“ef”(enterprise+farmers)表示“公司+農戶”型供應鏈,“ec”(enterprise+cooperative+farmers)表示“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈。

3模型構建與分析

3.1“公司+農戶”型供應鏈(ef模式)

在傳統的“公司+農戶”型供應鏈中,處于強勢地位的公司往往對于收購價格w具有主導權。此時農戶和公司的利潤函數分別為:

πeff=(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f

πefe=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

公司和農戶之間進行的是Stacklberg博弈,公司首先確定對農產品的收購價格和銷售努力投入;隨后農戶根據公司的決策來選擇自身最優的種植努力投入。我們將利用逆推歸納法對公司和農戶的決策進行推導:

Maxw,erπefe=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

s.tMaxefπeff=(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f

求解上式可以得到:

eef*f=a2p2+aβrk-βfβr2βfβr-a2p2

wef*=cf+βf(aβrk+a2p2-βfβr)a(2βfβr-a2p2)

eef*r=ap(ak+βf)2βfβr-a2p2

πefe的Hessian矩陣為-βra2pβf

a2pβf-2a2βf,由于銷售投資肯定為正數(eef*r>0),故2βfβr-a2p2>0,同時-βr<0,所以πefe的Hessian矩陣負定,可以判定wef*和eef*r為該決策問題的唯一最優解。

另外,由于種植投資也肯定為正數(eef*f>0),因此可知a2p2+aβrk-βfβr>0。

將wef*、eef*f、eef*r代入πeff和πefe,可以得到博弈均衡時的農戶和公司利潤分別為:

πeff=[βf(aβrk+βfβr)2-(2βfβr-a2p2)2]2(2βfβr-a2p2)2

πefe=βr(ak+βf)22(2βfβr-a2p2)

事實上,公司為了和農戶開展長期合作,往往要求農戶期初預交一定金額的保證金F。在這個無限次重復博弈中,公司的觸發策略為:若上一階段農戶選擇履約,則下一階段繼續與農戶簽訂農產品購銷合約;若上一階段農戶選擇違約,則沒收保證金并終止與農戶的合作。如果某期農戶選擇違約則其可獲得一個高于πeff的超額利潤πhf(πhf>πeff),但之后就一直不能和公司合作,只能自己進行銷售而獲得較低的利潤πlf(πlf<πeff)。此外,假設農戶貼現因子為δ。

農戶選擇始終履約時的利潤現值為:

πefkf=πeff+δπeff+δ2πeff+…=πeff1-δ

而農戶選擇違約時的利潤現值為:

πefbf=πhf-F+δπlf+δ2πlf+…=πhf-πlf+πlf1-δ-F

比較農戶選擇始終履約與違約情形時的利潤現值,可以得到:

πefkf-πefbf=F-(πhf-πlf)+(πeff-πlf)1-δ

很顯然,當保證金金額滿足F>Fef=πhf-πlf-πeff-πlf1-δ時,農戶將在“公司+農戶”型供應鏈中選擇始終履約,Fef為此時保證農戶履約的保證金閾值。

3.2“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈(ec模式)

由于合作社在財政投入、稅收減免、金融服務、項目承擔、人才培養等方面享受一定的扶持政策,同時在用地、用電、運輸等方面也有相應的優惠,許多公司為了套取國家的相關政策紅利也在積極組建合作社。因此,這些所謂的“合作社”都是公司所掛的另一塊牌子,屬于 “空殼合作社”。在這些所謂的“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中,公司依然獨享利潤而農戶卻沒有得到實質性幫助,本質上還是前文分析的“公司+農戶”型供應鏈。

而在真正的“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中,合作社是農戶聯合行動的產物,農戶支付給合作社固定的服務費用g(g>0),而合作社的交易成本為c,合作社的交易成本包括制度運行的成本,其中包括信息成本、談判成本、起草和實施合約的成本、界定實施產權的成本、監督管理的成本與改變制度安排的成本等。合作社規定資本留存率為s(0≤s≤1)(也就是農戶將自身收益以s比例上交合作社),作為發展再生產和建設本地基礎設施的滾動發展資金。合作社代表農戶利益與公司進行批發價格談判,農戶通過集體行動獲得了一定的話語權和自我選擇權。此時農戶、合作社與公司的利潤函數分別為:

πecf=(1-s)(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f-g

πecc=s(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c

πece=[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

不對稱納什談判是指考慮博弈參與雙方不同的議價能力并滿足個體合理性、可行性、弱帕累托最優性質等六個公理時的納什談判,此時決定的唯一談判解被稱為不對稱納什談判解(Asymmetric Nash Bargaining Solution),即:

u=arg Max(u1,u2)(u1-d1)τ(u2-d2)1-τ,τ∈[0,1]

其中,u1和u2表示參與者1和參與者2的效用,d1和d2表示參與者1和參與者2的談判破裂點,而τ和1-τ分別表示各自的談判能力。有時出于計算簡便的考慮,也可以用對數形式來表示不對稱納什談判解,即:

u=arg Max(u1,u2)τln(u1-d1)+(1-τ)ln(u2-d2),τ∈[0,1]

在下文中,我們假設此時合作社相對于公司的談判力為τ(0<τ<1),由于農產品具有播種、生長和收獲的季節性周期以及容易腐爛變質的生物屬性,因此農戶與公司一旦在事前簽訂合同,事后雙方毀約的成本相當巨大,故不合作的保留收益為0。合作社與公司基于如下不對稱納什談判模型進行批發價格談判:

Maxws(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-cτ·

[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r1-τ

求解上式等價于考察規劃:

Maxwτlns(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c

+(1-τ)ln[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r

對上式求關于w的一階導數并令其等于0,可以得到:

τsas(w-cf)a(1+ef)-12βfe2f+g-c-

(1-τ)a[(1+er)p-w-cr]a(1+ef)-12βre2r=0

容易得到達到談判均衡時的批發價格為:

wec*={τs[(1+er)p-cf-cr]a(1+ef)-12τsβre2r

+12(1-τ)sβfe2f-(1-τ)(g-c)}/sa(1+ef)+cf

將談判確定的批發價格wec*代入農戶與公司的利潤函數,隨后農戶和公司之間進行關于種植投資和銷售投資的Stacklberg博弈,與前文的分析方法類似,我們可以得到:

eec*f=βrak+a2p2βfβr-a2p2

eec*r=ap(ak+βf)βfβr-a2p2

將wec*、eec*f、eec*r代入πecf、πecc和πece,可以得到博弈均衡時的農戶、合作社和公司利潤分別為:

πecf=(1-s)τβf(aβrk+a2p2)+(βrak+βfβr)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)

-(1-s)(1-τ)(g-c)+sgs

πece=(1-τ)(aβrk+a2p2)βf+(aβrk+βfβr)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)

+(1-τ)(g-c)s

πecc=τsβf(aβrk+a2p2)+βr(ak+βf)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)+τ(g-c)

分析合作社利潤的表達式可知,當c>sβf(aβrk+a2p2)+βr(ak+βf)ak2(βfβr-a2p2)+g時,合作社的利潤將為負值。這說明,交易成本是制約合作社發展的主要因素,當交易成本過高時,合作社將面臨組織崩潰的困境。因此,降低交易成本是合作社實現高效運作和可持續發展的關鍵。

與前文進行的重復博弈分析類似,公司為了和入社農戶開展長期合作,依然要求入社農戶期初預交一定金額的保證金F,其余假設與前文相同。

此時農戶選擇始終履約時的利潤現值為:

πeckf=πecf+δπecf+δ2πecf+…=πecf1-δ

而農戶選擇違約時的利潤現值為:

πecbf=πhf-F+δπlf+δ2πlf+…=πhf-πlf+πlf1-δ-F

比較農戶選擇始終履約與違約情形時的利潤現值,可以得到:

πeckf-πecbf=F-(πhf-πlf)+(πecf-πlf)1-δ

因此,當保證金金額滿足F>Fec=πhf-πlf-(πecf-πlf)1-δ時,農戶將在“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中選擇始終履約,Fec為此時保證農戶履約的保證金閾值。

4結果比較與數值仿真

根據上述模型分析結論,我們對“公司+農戶”型供應鏈和“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈的均衡結果進行比較分析。

4.1種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿的比較分析

觀察eef*f、eef*f和eec*f、eec*r的表達式,我們容易發現有:

eec*f-eef*f=βrag+a2p2βfβr-a2p2-a2p2+aβrg-βfβr2βfβr-a2p2>0

eec*r-eef*r=ap(ag+βf)βfβr-a2p2-ap(ag+βf)2βfβr-a2p2>0

因此,相比于“公司+農戶”型供應鏈,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈的種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿均將得到提升。這說明,由于“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈中農戶和公司的地位更為平等,合作社能夠形成對于公司的制衡力量,這就大大降低了農戶進行種植投資可能面臨的“敲竹杠”風險,農戶的種植投資意愿得到提升。當農戶加大種植投資后,合格農產品產量將會提高,這反過來又會激勵公司提升銷售投資意愿來獲得更多的利潤。

4.2農戶利潤水平與資本留存率的關系分析

滿足雙邊投資都為正數的約束條件(a2p2+aβrg-βfβr>0,2βfβr-a2p2>0)我們將基本參數假設為:βf=10、βr=90、α=2.5、p=8、cf=0.2、cr=0.1、c=1、g=0.4,在合作社談判力分別為τ=0.2、τ=0.5和τ=0.8時,令資本留存率s在區間上[0,1]上連續變化,繪制農戶利潤水平與資本留存率之間的關系見圖1。

圖1農戶利潤水平與資本留存率的關系

Fig.1Relationship between the farmers profit with

the capital preservation rate

觀察圖1,我們可以發現,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈的農戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關,與資本留存率負相關;當合作社具有相對較強的談判力時,即使合作社規定的資本留存率較高,農戶利潤水平依然能夠高于“公司+農戶”型供應鏈。這說明,隨著合作社談判力的增強,農戶經營收入的提升空間將得到進一步擴大,合作社可以收取較高的資本留存用于未來發展。

4.3農戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關系分析

假設資本留存率s=0.5,其他基本參數的假設與前文一致,令合作社談判力τ在區間[0,1]上連續變化,繪制農戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關系如圖2所示。

觀察圖2,我們可以發現,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈的農戶利潤水平與合作社談判力正相關,而公司利潤水平與合作社談判力負相關;存在一個合理的合作社談判力區間τ∈[τ1,τ2],能夠使得農戶和公司利潤水平都比“公司+農戶”型供應鏈時得到Pareto改進。這說明,渠道權力更為平等的“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈對于農戶和公司雙方都是有利的,此時雙方建立的利益聯結紐帶將更為鞏固和穩定。

圖2農戶、公司利潤水平與合作社談判力的關系

Fig.2Relationship between the profit of the farmers and

the enterprise with the bargaining power of the cooperative

4.4不同類型供應鏈下農戶保證金的比較分析

假設資本留存率s=0.5,合作社的談判能力為τ=0.5,而πhf=55,πlf=10,其他基本參數的假設與前文一致,令農戶的貼現系數δ在區間[0,0.8]上連續變化,繪制“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈與“公司+農戶”型供應鏈下保證農戶履約的保證金閾值如圖3所示:

圖3不同類型供應鏈下農戶保證金的比較分析

Fig.3Comparative analysis of farmers guarantee fund

in two different kinds of supply chain

觀察圖3,我們可以發現,“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈下確保農戶履約而所需繳納的保證金閾值顯著低于“公司+農戶”型供應鏈。這說明,合作社作為中間組織介入農戶和公司的交易后,能夠有助于提高農戶違約成本,降低農戶違約風險;而農戶有了合作社作制度保障,也不用像以前那樣向公司繳納高額保證金。

5主要結論與政策含義

本文通過構建數理模型,對“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈和“公司+農戶”型供應鏈的運行結果進行了比較分析,研究發現“公司+合作社+農戶”型供應鏈是一種更優的治理結構,能夠同時提升種植投資意愿和銷售投資意愿,并降低農戶繳納的保證金金額,從而實現農戶和公司利潤的Pareto改進。因此,我國未來農業產業化經營模式的制度創新必須以農民專業合作社的發展壯大為基礎,這不僅有助于提升供應鏈各環節的投資意愿,更好地保障農產品質量安全;也有助于讓農戶平等參與現代化進程,共同分享現代化成果,并最終實現“三化同步”的戰略目標。

(編輯:劉呈慶)

參考文獻(References)

[1]高闊,甘筱青.“公司+農戶”模式:一個文獻綜述(1986-2011)[J].經濟問題探索,2012,(2):109-115. [Gao Kuo, Gan Xiaoqing. The Modes of ‘Leading Firm Plus Farmer: A Literature Review(1986-2011)[J]. Inquiry into Economic Issues, 2012, (2):109-115.]

[2]梁冬,王子辰.一斤奶緣何賣不過一瓶礦泉水:一家國內知名企業低價收奶現象調查[N/OL].新華網,(2012-04-07). http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-04/07/c_111748314.htm.[Liang Dong, Wang Zichen. Why One Pound of Milk Sold is Cheaper than A Bottle of Mineral Water:A Survey about the Phenomenon of a Wellknown Company Collecting Milk Cheaply [N/OL].Xinhua Net, (2012-04-07).http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2012-04/07/c_111748314.htm.]

[3]Lowe T J, Preckel P V. Decision Technologies for Agribusiness Problems: A Brief Review of Selected Literature and a Call for Research [J].Manufacturing & Service Operations Management.2004, 6(3):201-208.

[4]Yu X, Abler D, Peng C. Dancing with the Dragon Heads: Enforcement, Innovations and Efficiency of Contracts between Agricultural Processors and Farmers in China[R]. Courant Research Centre: Poverty, Equity and GrowthDiscussion Papers, 2011.

[5]Hirschauer N, Musshoff O. A Gametheoretic Approach to Behavioral Food Risks: The Case of Grain Producers [J]. Food Policy,2007, (32):246-265.

[6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

[7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

[8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

[9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農業供應鏈協調機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

[10]Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, et al. Smallholder Participation in Contract Farming: Comparative Evidence from Five Countries[J].World Development,2012,40(4):715-730.

[11]羅必良,劉成香,吳小立.資產專用性、專業化生產與農戶的市場風險[J].農業經濟問題,2008,(7):10-15. [Luo Biliang, Liu Chengxiang, Wu Xiaoli. Assets Specificity, Specialized Production and the Market Risk of the Peasanthousehold [J].Issues in Agricultural Economy (Monthly), 2008,(7):10-15.]

[12]Xie G, Yue W, Wang S, et al. Quality Investment and Price Decision in a Riskaverse Supply Chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2011, 214(2): 403-410.

Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

(1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

Abstract

This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

[6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

[7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

[8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

[9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農業供應鏈協調機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

[10]Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, et al. Smallholder Participation in Contract Farming: Comparative Evidence from Five Countries[J].World Development,2012,40(4):715-730.

[11]羅必良,劉成香,吳小立.資產專用性、專業化生產與農戶的市場風險[J].農業經濟問題,2008,(7):10-15. [Luo Biliang, Liu Chengxiang, Wu Xiaoli. Assets Specificity, Specialized Production and the Market Risk of the Peasanthousehold [J].Issues in Agricultural Economy (Monthly), 2008,(7):10-15.]

[12]Xie G, Yue W, Wang S, et al. Quality Investment and Price Decision in a Riskaverse Supply Chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2011, 214(2): 403-410.

Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

(1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

Abstract

This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

[6]Topolansky Barbe F G, Gonzalez Triay M M, Hughes N J. The Challenges of A Consolidated Supply Chain to British Dairy Farmers [J].Social Research,2011, 2(23):90-99.

[7]Grossman S J, Hart O D. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration [J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4):691-719.

[8]Hart O, Moore J. Property Rights and Nature of the Firm [J].Journal of Political Economy,1990, 98(6):1119- 1158.

[9]葉飛,林強,莫瑞君.基于B-S模型的訂單農業供應鏈協調機制研究[J].管理科學學報,2012,15(1):66-76. [Ye Fei, Lin Qiang, Mo Ruijun. Contractfarming Supply Chain Coordination Mechanism Based on BS Model [J].Journal of Management Science in China, 2012,15(1):66-76.]

[10]Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, et al. Smallholder Participation in Contract Farming: Comparative Evidence from Five Countries[J].World Development,2012,40(4):715-730.

[11]羅必良,劉成香,吳小立.資產專用性、專業化生產與農戶的市場風險[J].農業經濟問題,2008,(7):10-15. [Luo Biliang, Liu Chengxiang, Wu Xiaoli. Assets Specificity, Specialized Production and the Market Risk of the Peasanthousehold [J].Issues in Agricultural Economy (Monthly), 2008,(7):10-15.]

[12]Xie G, Yue W, Wang S, et al. Quality Investment and Price Decision in a Riskaverse Supply Chain[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 2011, 214(2): 403-410.

Governance Arrangement Optimization of the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

from the Bilateral Investment Incentive Perspective

PU Xujin1,2FAN Wangda1

(1. School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China;2. Jiangsu Food Research Base,

Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214112, China)

Abstract

This study focuses on the realistic dilemma of bilateral investments deficiency in the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain and aims to analyze how to optimize governance arrangement of the agricultural products supply chain. In the framework of asymmetric Nash bargaining and Stacklberg game theory, the mathematical model is developed to capture the feasibility to increase the bilateral investments in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain. The results show that:①Compared with the ‘leading firm plus farmer mode supply chain, both the investments in the farmers production effort and the enterprise sales effort are increased in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain.②The profit level of farmers is positively correlated to the bargaining power of the cooperative. When the cooperative have a relatively strong bargaining power, the farmers can still have more profits even if the retention rate of capital requirements is high.③When the bargaining power of the cooperative is in a certain degree, the profits of both the enterprise and the farmers will achieve the Pareto improvement.④The farmers guarantee fund will become lower in the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain if considering the repeated games between the enterprise and the farmers. Finally, numerical simulations are used to analyze the impact, such as bargaining power and capital retention rate of cooperative, on the enterprise and farmer profit levels and the change of farmers guarantee fund in two different kinds of supply chain. The results highlight an advantage of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain: by making the status of the farmer and the leading firm more equal, the ‘hold up risk ?will decrease when the farmer makes an investment. When the farmers willingness to invest becomes stronger, the leading firm may be encouraged to increase the investment level to make more profits. Thus, the priority should be given to the development of the ‘leading firm plus cooperative plus farmer mode supply chain in the future based on the cooperatives growing rapidly, which not only can help to protect the safety and quality of agricultural products and also may help make the farmers equally participate in the process of modernization and share with the modern achievements.

Key wordsagricultural products supply chain; bilateral investment; cooperative; asymmetric Nash bargaining

主站蜘蛛池模板: 免费在线成人网| 99在线观看免费视频| 亚洲国模精品一区| 国产成本人片免费a∨短片| 欧美日本在线一区二区三区| 找国产毛片看| 亚洲午夜片| 久久影院一区二区h| 亚洲日韩AV无码一区二区三区人| 国产视频欧美| 一级毛片视频免费| 亚洲水蜜桃久久综合网站 | 国产人人射| 97色伦色在线综合视频| 欧美日韩专区| 亚洲视频免费在线看| 久久6免费视频| 久久99国产乱子伦精品免| 日本午夜影院| 久久精品国产精品国产一区| 久久精品人妻中文视频| 亚洲欧美综合另类图片小说区| 日韩在线欧美在线| 欧美黄色a| 在线中文字幕日韩| 毛片免费网址| 88av在线看| 亚洲色图欧美| 日韩欧美中文| 伊人久久久久久久久久| 久久人妻xunleige无码| 99久久免费精品特色大片| AV天堂资源福利在线观看| 成年人视频一区二区| 美女视频黄频a免费高清不卡| 国产成a人片在线播放| 亚洲熟女偷拍| 综合亚洲色图| 最新国语自产精品视频在| 亚洲午夜综合网| AV网站中文| 亚洲美女一区| 久久香蕉欧美精品| 五月综合色婷婷| 人人爱天天做夜夜爽| 免费xxxxx在线观看网站| 欧美五月婷婷| 国产av无码日韩av无码网站| 国产浮力第一页永久地址 | 中文字幕在线观| 色天天综合久久久久综合片| 亚洲国产成人无码AV在线影院L| 日韩福利在线观看| 亚洲无码四虎黄色网站| 国产在线视频导航| 日韩无码一二三区| 茄子视频毛片免费观看| 国产精品白浆无码流出在线看| 久久鸭综合久久国产| 亚洲国产综合第一精品小说| 97超碰精品成人国产| 欧美日韩另类国产| 国产新AV天堂| 99热最新在线| 亚洲欧美自拍中文| 国产女人在线观看| 宅男噜噜噜66国产在线观看| 456亚洲人成高清在线| 奇米影视狠狠精品7777| 国产日韩欧美黄色片免费观看| 91精品免费高清在线| 亚洲男人的天堂网| 亚洲成aⅴ人在线观看| 国产精品成| 欧洲一区二区三区无码| 9久久伊人精品综合| 国产激情在线视频| 好吊色国产欧美日韩免费观看| 少妇精品网站| 韩日免费小视频| 男人的天堂久久精品激情| 中文字幕伦视频|