張 輝,劉宏斌,李月蕊,劉 洋
解放軍總醫院 心血管內科,北京 100853
早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者藥物洗脫支架置入術后早中期不良心血管事件分析
張 輝,劉宏斌,李月蕊,劉 洋
解放軍總醫院 心血管內科,北京 100853
目的探討早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)置入術后早中期的安全性及有效性。方法回顧性分析2009年1月- 2011年12月在我院心內科行冠狀動脈造影確診為早發冠心病并行DES支架置入術的551例患者,根據是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組236例(隨訪228例,96.6%)、非糖尿病組315例(隨訪300例,95.3%),隨訪DES置入術后早中期的不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)。結果早發冠心病合并糖尿病組中高血壓(71.1% vs 59.3%,P=0.049)、女性(39.5% vs 26%,P=0.02)比例高于非糖尿病組,吸煙(33.3% vs 46%,P=0.038)比例小于非糖尿病組。糖尿病組MACE比例高于非糖尿病組,但差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論DES置入術后早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者與不合并糖尿病患者早中期MACE事件發生率相當,仍需大樣本長期隨訪進一步研究。
早發冠心病;糖尿病;藥物洗脫支架
近年來,冠心病呈現出持續上升及年輕化的趨勢,早發冠心病(premature coronary heart disease,PCHD)是指男性發病年齡≤55歲或女性發病年齡≤65歲的冠心病患者,此部分人群逐漸走入我們的視野,越來越受到社會的關注[1-2]。糖尿病嚴重影響冠心病患者冠狀動脈介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)術的預后[3]。藥物洗脫支架研究顯示,支架內再狹窄率降低,且對合并糖尿病患者也有良好預后[4-7],但關于PCHD合并糖尿病患者藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stent,DES)置入術后的早中期隨訪研究甚少。本文通過對早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者DES置入術后早中期隨訪,分析不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)的發生是否存在差異。
1 一般資料 收集2009年1月- 2011年12月在解放軍總醫院住院行DES置入術的551例早發冠心病患者的病歷資料,其中男性371例,年齡31 ~55歲,女性180例,年齡43~65歲,根據美國膽固醇教育計劃(NECP-ATPⅢ)[2]規定及是否合并糖尿病[8]分為糖尿病組236例(隨訪228例)與非糖尿病組315例(隨訪300例);所有患者均有完整基線及臨床資料。排除標準:1)既往有冠心病行PCI者;2)急診行PCI者;3)冠脈造影呈均衡型分布者;4)全身結締組織或免疫系統疾病及嚴重感染者;5)惡性腫瘤或有嚴重肝腎功能損害等疾病者。
2 冠心病及冠脈病變的評定標準 采用Judkins法多體位冠狀動脈造影,左主干、左前降支、回旋支和右冠狀動脈及其主要分支中任何單支血管直徑狹窄≥50%判定為冠心病[9]。冠脈病變的狹窄程度采用SYNTAX積分系統,將SYNTAX評分分為輕度(0~22分)、中度(23~32分)和重度(≥33分)[10]。經SYNTAX網絡評分系統(http://www. syntaxscore.com)評分訓練及檢測對每位患者造影結果進行SYNTAX積分核算,取2次積分平均值為最終結果。冠脈造影報告至少由2名心內科專業副高級或以上職稱醫師共同評定。
3 隨訪終點 通過電話或門診形式隨訪,評價DES置入術后患者主要不良心血管事件(包括心源性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、再次血運重建),隨訪截止時間為2013年12月31日,平均隨訪36.8個月。
4 統計學方法 采用SPSS19.0統計軟件進行分析,正態分布的計量資料以±s表示,兩組間比較用t檢驗,非正態分布的計量資料組間用秩和檢驗。計數資料用百分比(%)表示,組間比較用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
1 兩組一般資料比較 228例早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者平均隨訪(34.75±10.8)個月;300例非糖尿病患者平均隨訪(33.58±12.1)個月。糖尿病組女性及合并高血壓的比例高于非糖尿病組,年齡高于非糖尿病組,吸煙比例低于非糖尿病組(P<0.05),兩組臨床診斷均以不穩定型心絞痛比例居多。糖尿病組不穩定型心絞痛比例、SYNTAX積分高于非糖尿病組,體質量指數(body mass index,BMI),左心室射血分數(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)低于非糖尿病組,但差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2 兩組隨訪不良事件比較 糖尿病組主要心血管事件、全因死亡、心源性死亡、靶血管/非靶血運重建、非致死性心肌梗死及術后再發心絞痛比例均高于非糖尿病組,而術后造影復查率低于非糖尿病組,但差異均無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。

表1 早發冠心病合并糖尿病組、非糖尿病組臨床資料比較Tab. 1 General clinical data of two groups (n, %)

表2 兩組DES置入術后隨訪不良事件比較Tab. 2 Incidence of adverse events after drug eluting stenting in two groups (n, %)
糖尿病已被認為是冠心病的“等危癥”[3]。合并糖尿病的冠脈血管造影以彌漫、多支病變為主,且術后的死亡率、再次血運重建率及心肌梗死率高的現象一直困擾著臨床醫師。雖然在歐洲心臟病學會(European Society Of Cardiology) 2008年會上公布的SYNTAX研究及隨后的3年研究提示,對于復雜的冠狀動脈病變患者, 冠狀動脈旁路移植術(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)的效果仍優于PCI[11-12],但由于DES置入術恢復快、創傷小,仍有部分早發冠心病患者選擇了DES置入術,針對這部分患者,更應引起我們的關注。
本研究顯示,早發冠心病糖尿病組中高齡、女性、合并高血壓比例高于非糖尿病組(P<0.05),說明早發冠心病中高齡、女性及合并高血壓是糖尿病組的危險因素,此研究與國外研究結果相同[13-14],提示在糖尿病組中合并有更多的危險因素。而吸煙比例低于非糖尿病組(33.3% vs 46%)(P<0.05),提示吸煙是非糖尿病患者早發冠心病的獨立危險因素,這可能與男性在非糖尿病組比例高有關。糖尿病組LVEF低于非糖尿病組,SYNTAX積分高于非糖尿病組,提示糖尿病組左心室射血分數較差;而冠狀動脈復雜程度高于非糖尿病組,可能與長期糖尿病致心肌間質纖維化、炎性細胞浸潤、糖基化蛋白沉淀作用及高糖的直接毒性作用等因素有關[15]。糖尿病組和非糖尿病組均以不穩定型心絞痛(71.9% vs 66.7%)多見,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),初步提示不穩定型心絞痛是早發冠心病的主要臨床診斷形式。因此,在早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者中應加強飲食控制、適當加強鍛煉,積極控制血壓、血糖;非糖尿病中加強控煙宣教,甚至禁煙,對早發冠心病的預防有一定的積極作用。
本研究顯示,兩組術后MACE發生率差異無統計學意義,但SIRTAX LATE trial[16]對糖尿病患者隨訪5年,結果顯示糖尿病組在全因和心因死亡率上均高于非糖尿病組。Berry等[17]研究顯示,DES置入術后5年,糖尿病組在死亡率上高于非糖病組。李彥平等[18]研究提示,DES置入術后MACE發生率呈現出遞增趨勢,且糖尿病組快于非糖尿病組。本研究中組間未出現MACE顯著差異的原因初步考慮:1)隨訪時間偏短;2)入組人群普遍年齡偏小,文化水平較高,對糖尿病與冠心病的危害給予充分重視。下一步可延長隨訪時間,繼續關注早發冠心病合并糖尿病DES置入術后MACE事件的發展。
綜上所述,早發冠心病合并糖尿病患者應加強傳統危險因素的預防,比如加強控煙、合理膳食、控制血壓、血糖等,對于預防早發冠心病有一定作用。雖然本研究中早發冠心病合并糖尿病組DES置入術后早中期MACE發生率未顯示出統計學差異,但延長隨訪時間可能會有差異。
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Early and intermediate follow-up study of premature coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus after drug- eluting stenting
ZHANG Hui, LIU Hongbin, LI Yuerui, LIU Yang
Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
LIU Hongbin. Email: liuhbin301@sohu.com
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical risk factors in patients with premature coronary heart disease (PCHD) accompanying diabetes mellitus (DM) and investigate the early and intermediate effect and safety of implanted drug-eluting stents.MethodsFive hundred and fifty-one patients who underwent drug-eluting stenting in our department from January 2009 to December 2012 were divided into PCHD with DM group (n=236) (follow-up 228, 96.6%) and PCHD without DM group (n=315) (follow-up 300, 95.3%) based on whether suffering from DM or not. The early and intermediate major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients after drug-eluting stenting were studied.ResultsThe ratio of hypertension (71.1% vs 59.3%, P=0.049), the proportion of female patients (39.5% vs 26%, P=0.02) and the average age (52.36±7.42 vs 50.29±6.84, P=0.02) in PCHD complicated with diabetes mellitus group were higher than non-diabetic group, smoking (33.3% vs 46%, P=0.038) ratio was less than non-diabetic group. Incidence of MACE had no statistical significance between the two groups (P>0.05), but the MACE incident rate were higher than non-diabetic group.ConclusionComparing with non-diabetic patients, diabetic patients presenting with PCHD treated with DES have the same occurrence rate of MACE during short-term follow-up. Further large and multicenter follow-up studies are still required.
premature coronary disease; diabetes mellitus; drug-eluting stents
R 541.4
A
2095-5227(2015)03-0230-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.03.009
時間:2014-12-10 09:42
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20141210.0942.005.html
2014-09-09
張輝,男,在讀碩士,醫師。研究方向:冠心病的防治。Email: zhangh520qs@163.com
劉宏斌,男,主任醫師,博士生導師。Email: liuhbin30 1@sohu.com