蔡學(xué)究,倪文濤,魏傳琦,崔俊昌
解放軍總醫(yī)院 呼吸科,北京 100853
29例非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者侵襲性肺曲霉病臨床分析
蔡學(xué)究,倪文濤,魏傳琦,崔俊昌
解放軍總醫(yī)院 呼吸科,北京 100853
目的分析非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者侵襲性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)的臨床特點(diǎn)。方法對(duì)本院2011年1月- 2013年12月呼吸科29例非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏IPA患者的臨床特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行回顧性研究。結(jié)果29例IPA患者中,確診12例,臨床診斷17例。基礎(chǔ)疾病以慢性肺疾病最常見(11例),其次為糖尿病、無基礎(chǔ)疾病(各7例)。從發(fā)病到診斷平均16.5 d。臨床癥狀無特異性,胸部CT以滲出影最常見。結(jié)論對(duì)于咳嗽、咳痰并有呼吸困難,PCT正常,CT表現(xiàn)為滲出影,特別是伴有肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病,經(jīng)廣譜抗生素和糖皮質(zhì)激素治療無效的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者,應(yīng)高度懷疑IPA可能。
非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏;侵襲性肺曲霉病;臨床分析
侵襲性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)最常見于血液系統(tǒng)疾病粒細(xì)胞缺乏的患者。但近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在免疫功能正常或輕度受損的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中IPA也不少見。雖然粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者IPA的臨床特點(diǎn)有較多報(bào)道,但非粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者IPA的臨床及影像學(xué)的特點(diǎn)尚少有報(bào)道。為提高臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)這一疾病的認(rèn)識(shí),我們回顧分析了我院2011年1月- 2013年12月診斷的29例非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者IPA的臨床特點(diǎn)。
1 臨床資料 2011年1月- 2013年12月在本院呼吸科住院治療并確診或臨床診斷為IPA的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者共29例。IPA的診斷分為確診、臨床診斷和擬診,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和分組主要參照歐洲癌癥治療組織及真菌病研究組(EORTC/MSG)制訂的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1],確診符合肺組織標(biāo)本用組織化學(xué)或細(xì)胞化學(xué)方法檢出菌絲或球形體(非酵母菌的絲狀真菌),并發(fā)現(xiàn)有相應(yīng)的肺組織損害。肺組織標(biāo)本、胸腔積液或血液真菌培養(yǎng)陽性(排除標(biāo)本污染)。臨床診斷符合1項(xiàng)宿主因素,1項(xiàng)微生物學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(合格痰液或支氣管肺泡灌洗液直接鏡檢發(fā)現(xiàn)菌絲,連續(xù)2次真菌培養(yǎng)陽性)和1項(xiàng)主要臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(CT檢出暈輪征、新月征和實(shí)變區(qū)內(nèi)的空洞)或2項(xiàng)次要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(肺部感染的癥狀和體征;影像學(xué)出現(xiàn)新的肺部浸潤(rùn)影;持續(xù)發(fā)熱96 h,經(jīng)積極抗菌治療無效)。擬診符合1項(xiàng)宿主因素和1項(xiàng)微生物學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而不符合臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn),或僅符合臨床標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不符合微生物學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除慢性壞死性肺曲霉病及曲霉球患者。既往有血液病及中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏癥病史不納入研究。本研究將確診和臨床診斷患者視為IPA患者。
2 方法 對(duì)29例IPA病患者的一般情況、臨床癥狀、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、影像特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行回顧性分析,并將患者分為有肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組及無肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組進(jìn)行比較。
3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。定量數(shù)據(jù)以或中位數(shù)表示,資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或秩和檢驗(yàn)。率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確概率檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水平α=0.05。
1 一般情況 29例IPA患者中,男性16例,女性13例,平均年齡58.9歲。確診12例,臨床診斷17例。基礎(chǔ)疾病以慢性肺疾病最常見,為11例,其中8例慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD),8例全部接受激素治療。其次為糖尿病7例,無基礎(chǔ)疾病7例。所有患者診斷IPA前均接受廣譜抗生素治療。從發(fā)病到診斷平均時(shí)間16.5 d,肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組高于非肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組(19.3 d vs 14.8 d,P=0.036)。住院病死率為20.7%。見表1。
2 臨床表現(xiàn) 29例中,咳嗽21例,咳痰69%,呼吸困難15例,發(fā)熱12例,咯血8例,胸痛3例。見表2。
3 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查 半乳甘露聚糖(galactomannan,GM)和1,3-β-D-葡聚糖(1,3-β-D-glucan,BG)陽性率均為44.8%。痰標(biāo)本培養(yǎng)曲霉菌陽性率12例,其中煙曲霉11例,黃曲霉1例。白細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞均數(shù)分別為8.5×109/L、6.3×109/L,肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組高于非肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組(P=0.019,0.020)。C-反應(yīng)蛋白、PCT中位數(shù)分別為1.67 mg/dl、0.05 ng/dl。見表2。

圖 1 IPA的肺部CT表現(xiàn) A:空氣新月征;B:肺實(shí)變;C:磨玻璃影;D:滲出影Fig. 1 Findings in IPA on chest CT A: Air crescent sign B: Consolidation C: Ground-glass attenuation D: Infiltrates
4 肺部CT表現(xiàn) 滲出影17例,磨玻璃影9例,空洞影8例,團(tuán)塊影7例,結(jié)節(jié)影6例,胸腔積液4例,空氣新月征1例。見表2,圖1。
IPA常見于血液惡性腫瘤疾病或是嚴(yán)重免疫功能受損的患者,是一種嚴(yán)重的肺疾病并具有高死亡率[2]。但近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在免疫功能正常或輕度受損的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中并不少見,其高危因素包括實(shí)體器官移植、實(shí)體器官惡性腫瘤放化療、重度COPD長(zhǎng)期糖皮質(zhì)激素治療等[3-4]。本研究中,最常見的基礎(chǔ)疾病仍是COPD,并全部長(zhǎng)期接受了糖皮質(zhì)激素治療,其次是糖尿病,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[5]。多項(xiàng)研究顯示[6-7],使用廣譜抗生素超過10 d是COPD患者并發(fā)IPA的危險(xiǎn)因素,本組患者在明確診斷前都接受了廣譜抗生素治療1周以上,但本組中7例無基礎(chǔ)病史。
IPA患者的臨床癥狀缺乏特異性,在中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中,其臨床癥狀主要包括對(duì)抗生素?zé)o反應(yīng)的發(fā)熱、咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困難,部分患者可有胸痛與咯血[8]。本文中,以咳嗽、咳痰多見,發(fā)熱僅為41.4%,這可能與前期抗生素及糖皮激素治療有關(guān)。早期診斷治療是影響預(yù)后最主要的因素,但由于其臨床缺乏特異性,癥狀被原基礎(chǔ)疾病掩蓋,常導(dǎo)致診斷的延誤。特別是對(duì)于免疫功能正常患者,更易為臨床醫(yī)師所漏診。本組從發(fā)病至確立診斷最長(zhǎng)時(shí)間為16.5 d。而肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組確診需要更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,平均為19.3 d,這可能是因肺疾病癥狀影響了IPA的診斷。
表2 有肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組和無肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組IPA的各項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo)比較Tab. 2 Comparison of symptoms, laboratory and CT findings of IPA between non-neutropenic patients with or without respiratory disease ()

表2 有肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組和無肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組IPA的各項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo)比較Tab. 2 Comparison of symptoms, laboratory and CT findings of IPA between non-neutropenic patients with or without respiratory disease ()
aSputum samples; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelet; PCT: procalcitonin; WBC: white blood cell; BG: 1, 3-β-D-glucan; GM: galactomannan
Patients with respiratory disease (n=11)Patients without respiratory disease (n=18)P Age (mean yrs)64.6±12.955.4±13.00.074 Time to diagnosis (mean days)19.3±5.014.8±5.40.036 Case classification (n, %) Proven IPA4(36.4)8(44.5)0.717 Probable IPA7(63.6)10(55.6) Clinical symptoms (n, %) Fever (>38℃)4(36.4)8(44.5)1.000 Cough7(63.6)14(77.8)0.433 Dyspnoea7(63.6)8(44.5)0.450 Sputum 6(54.5)14(77.8)0.237 Hemoptysis3(27.3)5(27.8)1.000 Chest pain2(18.2)1(5.6)0.537 Thoracic CT sign (n, %) Infiltrates7(63.6)10(55.6)0.717 Nodules2(18.2)4(22.2)1.000 Consolidation3(27.3)4(22.2)1.000 Cavity2(18.2)6(33.3)0.671 Pleural effusion2(18.2)2(11.1)0.622 Air crescent sign1(9.1)0(0.0)0.379 Ground-glass attenuation4(36.4)5(27.8)0.694 Laboratory findings Serum BG≥80 pg/ml (n, %)4(36.4)9(50.0)0.702 Serum GM≥0.5 (n, %)5(45.5)8(44.5)1.000 ESR (mean mm/h)34.8±33.050.9±37.60.374 WBC (mean 109/L)10.8±4.37.1±2.10.019 Neutrophil count (mean 109/L)8.3±3.75.1±2.10.020 Hb (mean g/L)126±10.2122±20.00.447 PLT (mean 109/L)246.0±123.1258.0±124.40.816 CRP (median mg/dl)1.871.040.271 PCT (median ng/ml)0.050.050.381 Aspergillus sppa(n, %)5(45.5)7(38.9)1.000
Dai等[5]對(duì)52例非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏IPA患者實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)的回顧性研究顯示,白細(xì)胞為9.66× 109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞7.51×109/L,血沉45.37 mm/h,說明常規(guī)的炎癥指標(biāo)與曲霉菌感染的病情嚴(yán)重程度并不一致。本研究與Dai的報(bào)道較為一致,但在肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組中,白細(xì)胞及中性粒細(xì)胞比非肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病組更高,這可能與有肺基礎(chǔ)疾病組更容易合并其他肺部感染有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于降鈣素原(procaicltonin,PCT)在侵襲性真菌感染價(jià)值的研究認(rèn)為[9],PCT在鑒別真菌感染與細(xì)菌感染有一定臨床價(jià)值,真菌感染的PCT明顯低于細(xì)菌性感染。我們的研究顯示,PCT中位數(shù)為0.05ng/ml,說明PCT在鑒別真菌感染與細(xì)菌感染應(yīng)為臨床醫(yī)師所重視。
GM和BG實(shí)驗(yàn)被認(rèn)為在IPA早期診斷中具有較高的價(jià)值,但研究多集中在血液病患者或接受造血干細(xì)胞移植患者[10-11]。對(duì)于非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者診斷價(jià)值的研究資料比較少,最近一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為,在非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者的侵襲性曲霉病患者的GM實(shí)驗(yàn)雖然具有較好的特異性,但是敏感度僅為23.1%[12]。另外兩項(xiàng)針對(duì)IPA在非粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者的研究中,GM實(shí)驗(yàn)的敏感度為50.0% ~57.9%[13-14],本研究顯示,GM的敏感度為44.8%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告相似。對(duì)血液病患者,BG實(shí)驗(yàn)的敏感度達(dá)到66%[15],在本研究中,對(duì)于非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者,其敏感度只有44.8%。說明對(duì)于非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者IPA的診斷,無論GM或BG實(shí)驗(yàn),其診斷價(jià)值都不如在血液病患者中。
血液惡性腫瘤、免疫功能嚴(yán)重低下患者,胸部CT,特別是HRCT,對(duì)診斷更有價(jià)值。常規(guī)早期使用HRCT能提高診斷和改善預(yù)后,并利于指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步檢查,比如支氣管檢查及活檢[8]。典型胸部CT影像包括多發(fā)肺結(jié)節(jié)影、新月征、月暈征等,但這些征象既缺乏敏感性,也缺乏特異性[8]。Hauggaard等[16]的研究顯示,在中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者IPA早期,月暈征的陽性率95%,空氣新月征和空洞征的陽性率為33%。另一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)發(fā)熱的中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏的IPA患者行HRCT,常見的表現(xiàn)包括結(jié)節(jié)影67%,磨玻璃影56%,團(tuán)塊影44%[17]。而在以COPD為基礎(chǔ)疾病的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中,Tutar等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),IPA的CT表現(xiàn)以滲出影最為常見,并常表現(xiàn)為急性肺炎,由于缺乏典型影像學(xué)改變,IPA常被誤診并導(dǎo)致病情惡化。這與本文中滲出影為常見一致,雖然本文空洞征和空氣新月征陽性率為31%,但具有診斷意義的月暈征或空氣新月征在本組患者中陽性率低。缺乏典型IPA影像學(xué)征象,可能與檢查的時(shí)機(jī)有關(guān)。在本文中,對(duì)非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者,依靠典型月暈征或空氣新月征表現(xiàn)易耽誤病情。
IPA在非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中的臨床癥狀缺乏特異性,以往常用于中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者早期診斷IPA的血清學(xué)檢查在非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者中缺乏敏感性,胸部CT影像典型的空氣新月征陽性率低,組織病理學(xué)檢查有很多局限性,而導(dǎo)致臨床誤診與漏診。因此,對(duì)于咳嗽、咳痰并有呼吸困難,炎癥指標(biāo)正常,CT表現(xiàn)為滲出影,特別是伴有肺部基礎(chǔ)疾病,經(jīng)廣譜抗生素和糖皮質(zhì)激素治療無效的非中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏患者,應(yīng)高度懷疑IPA可能。
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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients: A clinical analysis of 29 cases
CAI Xuejiu, NI Wentao, WEI Chuanqi, CUI Junchang
Department of Respiratory Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
CUI Junchang. Email: guoguoyoumeng@163.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in non-neutropenic patients.MethodsClinical and imaging characteristics about 29 patients with proven and probable IPA admitted to department of respiratory diseases from January 2011 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsPatients were classified into proven IPA group (n=12) and probable IPA group (n=17). The most common underlying disease of patients with IPA was chronic respiratory disease (n=11), diabetes mellitus and no basic diseases, each occurred in 7 cases. The average time from onset to diagnosis was 16.5 days. Clinical symptoms were nonspecific in non-neutropenic patients with IPA. The most common chest CT scan findings of patients with IPA were infiltrates.ConclusionIPA should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis particularly in non-neutropenic patients with dyspnea, cough, sputum, PCT normal values and a new pulmonary in filtrate that are irresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotics and steroids.
non-neutropenic; invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; clinical analysis
R 563.1
A
2095-5227(2015)06-0532-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.003
時(shí)間:2015-03-24 10:07
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150324.1007.001.html
2014-08-14
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(81371855)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81371855)作者簡(jiǎn)介:蔡學(xué)究,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:細(xì)菌耐藥的預(yù)防及抗感染藥物合理應(yīng)用。Email: 10891432@qq.com
崔俊昌,男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: guoguoyoumeng@163.com