


摘要:
最低生活保障制度近十年來在發展中國家越來越受到重視。
最低生活保障制度的設計也成為我國城市減貧的一個重要的手段,
文章利用中國家庭收入調查(CHIP)2002和2007兩次大型的微觀調查數據,從家庭層面對我國城市低保的減貧效果進行了全面分析。研究結果表明,2002年我國有8.70%的城鎮家庭在低保救助下擺脫了貧困,家庭的貧困深度和貧困強度分別下降了9.7%和11.5%;2007年我國有59%的城鎮家庭在低保救助下擺脫了貧困,家庭的貧困深度和貧困強度降幅分別達到79.2%和87.8%。目前城市低保的重點救助對象是單人戶、單親家庭、老年人口比重高、失業率高的家庭,以及有重度殘疾者和體質虛弱者的家庭,上述特征與我國家庭結構小型化、養老負擔加重、持續性失業和醫療衛生體制改革不到位有直接的關系。
關鍵詞:城市低保;減貧;家庭
中圖分類號:D632.1文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1000-4149(2015)02-0108-11
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2015.02.012
收稿日期:2014-08-27;修訂日期:2015-01-21
基金項目:國家社會科學基金青年項目“基本公共服務的配置結構、決策參與與農民工公平感關系研究”(14CSH034)。
作者簡介:文雯,復旦大學中國經濟研究中心博士后。
Urban Minimum Living Standard Security and Family Poverty Reduction:
An Analysis Based on CHIPS Project
WEN Wen
(Research Institute of Chinese Economy,Fudan University,Shanghai ?200433,China)
Abstract:As the labor market is not standardized and the coverage of social insurance is low, in recent decades the minimum living standard security system has gained more concern in developing countries. Based on Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, two large scale microsurvey data,this paper analyzed the poverty reduction effect of urban minimum living standard security from the family level comprehensively. The results show that in the help of urban minimum living standard, there were 8.70% of urban households left out of poverty, poverty depth and intensity decreased by 9.7% and 11.5% respectively in 2002; there were 59% of urban households left out of poverty, the rate of poverty depth and intensity reached to 79.2% and 87.8% respectively in 2007. Currently the key subjects the urban minimum living standard security are singleperson households, singleparent households, households with high proportion of aged persons, households with high unemployment rate as well as households with severely disabled and physically weak members, which is related to the household size shrinking, heavier burden of supporting the elderly, persistent unemployment and health care reform not in place.
Keywords:urban minimum living standard security; poverty reduction; family
一、引言
在反貧困政策體系中,社會救助占據重要地位,尤其在發展中國家,由于勞動力市場不規范、社會保險覆蓋率低且高度分層,被社會保險排除在外或是社會保險收入不能滿足需要的個體,將受到社會救助的保護。最低生活保障(簡稱低保)是社會救助制度的核心。它是國家向居民提供的一種單向保障,只要家庭收入狀況符合保障標準,就有權獲得政府提供的資金或實物救助,不受勞動關系和前期繳費的限制。低保的主要功能是減貧,對于因重病、殘疾喪失了勞動能力的困難家庭來說,難以像其他社會成員一樣通過務工或經營獲取市場化的收入。低保通過向此類家庭輸送補給,幫助他們維持生計,更重要的是通過這一途徑使其參與經濟增長利益的分享,一定程度上緩解社會收入差距。