宋福軍,關世奎,武桂鈴,李悅,狄守印,辛振龍,蔣帥,楊陽,
(1北京軍區北戴河療養院,河北秦皇島066100;2中國人民解放軍第四軍醫大學)
研究發現,溫度小范圍變化(28℃ ~35℃)可阻止腦細胞凋亡[1]。在心搏驟停、新生兒缺血缺氧腦病等導致的腦缺氧損傷中,治療性降溫具有較好的的神經保護作用[2,3]。同時,低溫也是實現“冬眠”的要素之一,“冬眠”時人體基本代謝過程減緩甚至停止,但未發生機體死亡[4]。低溫可影響腦缺血中各細胞信號通路,從而影響腦組織的病理生理改變。現就低溫對腦缺血的神經保護作用及其機制的進展綜述如下。
研究表明,低溫可通過阻斷氨甲基磷酸通道介導的鈣內流來防止興奮性毒性的產生[5]。最新研究發現,腦損傷后7 h行低溫處理可降低腦創傷模型中miR-874、miR-451等miRNA的表達,但損傷后24 h行低溫處理則可引起miR-451表達的上調[6]。研究證實,炎癥反應可能加重急性腦損傷[7]。低溫可多方面抑制腦組織免疫應答,對缺血及創傷后腦組織起保護作用;可降低缺血區域的中性粒細胞和活化的小膠質細胞比例,減少活性氧化合物[8]、活性含氮化合物[9]、黏附分子[10]、促炎細胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6)[7,11]、趨化因子配體 2(CCL2)、CCL20[12,13]的表達;低溫可作用于絲裂原相關的蛋白激酶并抑制信號調節激酶(ERK)通路,減弱炎性反應[14];低溫還可保護血腦屏障的結構蛋白和細胞[15]、抑制蛋白酶的活化[16]、阻止水通道蛋白的開放[17],減輕腦水腫和腦出血造成的二次腦損傷。低溫的抗炎作用可能是其腦保護作用的主要機制。
2.1 對細胞存活通路的影響 研究發現,缺血損傷后大腦中腦源性神經生長因子(BDNF)[18]、膠質源性神經生長因子[19]、神經營養因子[20]的水平均升高。其中,神經營養因子可調節突觸功能,提高突觸可塑性,維持神經元正常形態、存活與分化。一種或多種外源神經營養因子共同作用可降低腦損傷程度,改善神經系統功能。低溫可提高BDNF信號通路改變介導的下游反應,也可上調其他細胞存活因子[11,21,22]。低溫上調抗凋亡因子 B 細胞淋巴瘤-2(BCL-2),并可促使蛋白激酶B活化。活化的AKT使得糖原合酶3β、細胞死亡相關的BCL-2抑制物等促凋亡蛋白磷酸化,使其失活。在缺血腦損傷模型中,低溫通過活化AKT實現其腦保護作用。在與AKT抑制劑聯用時,低溫的腦保護作用會被削弱。盡管已有確鑿證據說明低溫可以抑制代謝,減少蛋白表達,但它的確可以上調細胞存活和生長相關蛋白含量。在除中樞神經系統外的多個系統中,實現低溫可以上調組織內熱休克蛋白家族成員含量。這提示低溫腦保護機制與之有關。
此外,低溫可增加胞外 ERK磷酸化[18]。這一過程是BDNF信號通路改變介導的下游反應。但ERK磷酸化反應本身并不參與低溫腦保護機制,因為用U0126對ERK進行藥物阻斷后,低溫保護作用依然存在[21]。
2.2 對細胞死亡通路的影響 細胞凋亡主要通過內源性和外源性兩種途徑,內源性途徑由線粒體啟動[23],而外源性途徑則由一種細胞表面受體啟動[24]。細胞凋亡遵循既定的模式進行時,低溫可同時作用于這兩種途徑。低溫可通過改變BCL-2家族成員表達、抑制細胞色素C釋放、減少細胞凋亡蛋白活化[25]等多種途徑影響內源性細胞凋亡途徑。在全腦缺血模型中,低溫可調低BCL-2相關蛋白X等促凋亡的BCL-2家族成員,同時調高BCL-2等抗凋亡蛋白的表達水平。作為BCL-2家族調控的下游蛋白,蛋白激酶Cδ(PKCδ)是一種抗凋亡的蛋白激酶C異構體,凋亡蛋白可介導PKCδ從胞質到線粒體再到細胞核的轉位。最終導致細胞凋亡[26,27]。低溫無法改變PKCδ的數量,但可在缺血發生后阻斷 PKCδ 的轉位,促使 PKCε 發揮抗凋亡作用[28,29]。低溫可降低活化的基質金屬蛋白酶表達水平,降低腦組織中溶解狀態的凋亡相關因子配體含量,減少FAS的活化,近而減少細胞凋亡蛋白酶8的活化[16,30~32]。在嚴重的大腦中動脈阻斷模型中,低溫可抑制凋亡誘發因子移位,減少細胞凋亡[33]。張力蛋白同源的磷酸酯酶(PTEN)是一個具有促凋亡作用的腫瘤抑制分子,PTEN基因的缺失可以阻斷缺血腦損傷[34,35]。低溫可使 PTEN磷酸化水平增加,導致PTEN失活、促凋亡作用減弱。但在并沒有起到腦保護作用的低溫狀態下,PTEN磷酸化水平并不增加[28]。因此,PTEN的失活與低溫腦保護作用密切相關,但其具體機制有待于進一步研究。
低溫可影響細胞凋亡過程中的每一個代謝活動、分子事件、細胞行為。將低溫處理與其他治療措施(如神經保護劑、溶栓)聯用,可延長藥物或低溫本身的有效治療時間窗,創造更好的藥物使用時機。盡管低溫的治療效果已經在實驗研究中得到證實,但其臨床應用尚存在一定難度,如探索低溫的有效實現途徑、防止不良反應(系統性并發癥[36]、低溫的有害影響)的發生、劃定低溫處理的適用人群等。綜上所述,低溫治療是一種神經保護方法,同時也是一種腦缺血損傷的治療方法。其具體機制及臨床應用尚有待于進一步研究。
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