doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2015.03.019
收稿日期:2014-10-17;修回日期:2014-11-26
基金項目:國土資源公益性行業科研專項(200911044-02-2)
*通訊作者:吳淑琪,碩士,研究員,研究方向:農業生態環境地球化學微量有機污染物研究,Tel:010-57909182/68999554,E-mail:wushuqi@ cags.ac.cn
Review on Analytical Methods of Volatile Phenols in Geoenvironmental Samples
LIU Jiao,WU Shu-qi *,JIA Jing,TONG Ling
(National Research Center for Geoanalysis,Beijing 100037,China)
Abstract:Volatile phenols,the toxic organic compounds,are listed as the environmental priority controlled pollutants.The content level of them has become one of the important indicators for environmental pollution evaluation.This review briefly states the chemical characteristics and geoenvironmental sources of volatile phenols,summarises the relevant domestic and international standard methods,concludes the research progress on application of sample pretreatment technologies(e.g.solvent extraction,distillation,solid phase extraction,solid phase microextraction,purge and trap) and analytical methods(e.g.4-amino antipyrine spectrophotometry,ultraviolet and fluorescence spectrophotometry,bromine method,gas chromatography,liquid chromatography,phenol biosensor method) in the analysis of volatile phenols in geoenvironmental samples.The future development trend about the analysis of volatile phenols is also prospected.The review provides a reference for the further study on analytical methods of volatile phenols and their environmental applications.
Key words:volatile phenols; geoenvironmental samples; pretreatment; analytical methods; review
酚類化合物依據沸點分為揮發酚和不揮發酚。通常認為沸點在230℃以下的酚屬于揮發酚。揮發酚具有致畸、致癌和致突變的生物毒性,能使蛋白質變性失活,誘發腫瘤或引起細胞死亡 [1]。近年的研究表明在大氣、水體、土壤和沉積物中均有揮發酚檢出。1977年美國環保局(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)率先將苯酚等6種揮發酚列入“環境優先控制污染物黑名單”。1989年我國環保局篩選出68種環境優先控制污染物,其中包含苯酚、3-甲基酚、2,4-二氯酚3種揮發酚。作為全球性有機污染物,揮發酚是評價環境污染的重要指標之一,其準確測定已成為分析學者廣泛關注的重要課題。本文介紹了揮發酚的化學性質及地質環境來源,重點對樣品預處理技術及檢測方法進行綜述和評價,從而為進一步研究揮發酚的分析技術及其環境應用提供參考。
1 揮發酚的化學性質及地質環境來源
1.1 化學性質
酚類化合物是指苯環上的氫原子被羥基取代后生成的化合物。揮發酚多為苯酚、甲酚、氯酚、硝基酚等一元酚。分子中p-π共軛體系的形成使羥基氧原子電子云密度降低、苯環電子云密度相對增加,因此揮發酚顯酸性。在樣品預處理中利用揮發酚的酸性可對其實施堿性提取。揮發酚能發生絡合顯色反應和親電取代反應(如溴化反應),為分析中的定量檢測提供理論依據。……