日本最古老的牛種——見島牛的研究進展

和占星 張繼才 亐開興 王安奎 黃必志

摘 ?要：旨在介紹日本見島牛的保種及利用經(jīng)驗，為中國地方良種牛遺傳資源的保護與開發(fā)利用提供參考。本研究通過對日本山口大學(xué)和山口縣農(nóng)林綜合技術(shù)中心參觀訪問和參閱相關(guān)見島牛的研究資料，較系統(tǒng)地介紹“見島牛”的形成過程、生產(chǎn)和繁殖性能及其利用現(xiàn)狀。結(jié)果表明：見島牛于1928年被指定為日本“國家自然珍寶”，被認(rèn)為是日本最古老的本土和牛，也是日本極為重要的牛種遺傳資源。見島牛肉質(zhì)優(yōu)良，能產(chǎn)生極好的“降霜肉”。通過采用見島牛公牛（冷凍精液）與荷斯坦母牛雜交方式可生產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)肉牛。見島牛不但晚熟、體型小、繁殖率低，而且種群數(shù)量少，近交系數(shù)高。用見島牛公牛（冷凍精液）改良肉、奶牛生產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)肉牛具有良好應(yīng)用的前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：見島牛;外貌特征;生產(chǎn)性能

中圖分類號：S823.8 ? ?文獻標(biāo)志碼：A ? ?論文編號：2013-0812

Research Progress on the Oldest Bovine Species in Japan： Mishima Cattle

He Zhanxing1，2， Zhang Jicai1， Qu Kaixing1，2， Wang Ankui1， Huang Bizhi1

（1Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science， Kunming 650212， Yunnan， China;

2Yunnan Beef Engineering and Technological Research Center， Kunming 650212， Yunnan， China）

Abstract： In order to provide the guidance and reference on protection， development and utilization of genetic resources to the local rare bovine species in China， the experience of conservation and utilization on Mishima Cattle in Japan was introduced. The formation process， production and reproductive performances in Mishima Cattle were systematically stated via visiting Yamaguchi University and the Technological Center of Agriculture and Forestry， Yamaguchi Prefecture in Japan， and referring the related data of Mishima Cattle. Mishima Cattle were designated as Japanese ‘national natural treasure in 1928， which was regarded as the oldest Japanese Cattle and the most important bovine resource in Japan. Mishima Cattle had the ability of top-quality beef with ‘flake meat. Mishima bull （and/or frozen semen） crossed Holstein cows to produce the hybrids with high yield and high-quality beef. However， Mishima Cattle not only matured later， possessed small body size， low reproduction rate， but also had smaller population size and high inbreeding coefficient. It is practical that Mishima bull and/or frozen semen cross beef and dairy breeds to produce high-quality beef.

Key words： Mishima Cattle; Physical Characteristics; Production Performances

0 ?引言

家養(yǎng)動物的遺傳多樣性為遺傳育種提供了寶貴的遺傳資源，保持最大水平的遺傳多樣性及降低近交系數(shù)的增加也是大多數(shù)保種方案得以實施的前提[1-2]，最大程度地保存種群的遺傳多樣性是主要的保種目標(biāo)[3]。然而在過去100多年中，由于品種的滅絕率增加而導(dǎo)致的生物多樣性一直處在凈喪失的過程[4]。因此，開展畜禽品種的保存、種質(zhì)特性的研究和開發(fā)利用工作也是解決當(dāng)前畜禽業(yè)出現(xiàn)世界性遺傳基因貧乏最重要的手段之一[5]。借鑒國外優(yōu)良地方牛種的保護和利用經(jīng)驗，對中國地方良種特別是珍稀牛種（如大額牛）的保種和開發(fā)利用具有重要意義。……