郭 穎,吳 波
二甲雙胍對2型糖尿病患者血清PSA水平的影響及其與前列腺癌的關系
郭 穎,吳 波*
目的 觀察二甲雙胍對2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者PSA水平的影響,并探討二甲雙胍與前列腺癌的關系。方法 將2014年1-8月在我院內分泌科住院的178例T2DM男性患者和96例健康體檢男性分為糖尿病組和健康對照組。糖尿病組和健康對照組(年齡和民族匹配)均排除既往或同時患有前列腺疾病或其他惡性腫瘤、急性感染(包括活動性的結核)和嚴重的肝腎功能損害者,對收集的臨床資料和相關的輔助檢查結果行回顧性的病例對照分析。結果 ①糖尿病組PSA水平低于對照組(P<0.05)。②T2DM患者中,應用二甲雙胍者的總PSA水平及游離PSA水平低于非二甲雙胍組(P<0.01,P<0.05)。結論 T2DM 患者血清PSA水平低于健康人群,二甲雙胍可能有降低前列腺癌風險的作用。
二甲雙胍;2型糖尿?。籔SA;前列腺癌
流行病學研究顯示,2型糖尿病(T2DM)與多種腫瘤的發生密切相關[1-3]。2010年美國糖尿病學會(ADA)和美國癌癥學會(ACS)聯合發表共識[4]指出,糖尿病(主要是T2DM)患者罹患癌癥的風險增高,而罹患前列腺癌的風險較正常人群減低,機制未明。血清總前列腺特異性抗原(Total prostate-specific antigen,TPSA)是目前診斷前列腺癌(Carcinoma of prostate,PCa)的最佳腫瘤標記物,本文觀察二甲雙胍對糖尿病患者TPSA及TPSA與游離前列腺特異性抗原(Free prostate specific antigen,FPSA)的比值(TPSA/FPSA)的影響,并與健康人群進行對比分析。
1.1 資料 收集2014年1-8月在我院內分泌科住院的178例T2DM男性患者(糖尿病組),年齡50~80歲,平均(64.5±15.5)歲,診斷符合WHO (1999年)標準,排除已明確診斷為前列腺癌等其他前列腺疾病的患者。分為二甲雙胍組(80例)和非二甲雙胍組(98例)。并選取同期我院健康體檢中心的96例男性(健康對照組),排除已明確診斷為前列腺疾病及其他惡性腫瘤的患者,均為我院健康體檢合格者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 檢測方法 仔細詢問受試者的病史,進行查體并記錄病程、應用藥物種類,晨抽取空腹靜脈血,高效液相色譜法測定HbA1c,CA19-9測定采用ROCHE Modular Analytics E170型自動電化學發光免疫分析儀及其配套試劑。HbA1c正常值參考范圍:4.8%~6.0%;總PSA正常值參考范圍:0~4;游離PSA正常值參考范圍:0~0.934。

2.1 糖尿病組與健康對照組PSA水平比較 糖尿病組TPSA、FPSA均低于健康對照組(P<0.05),而兩組TPSA/FPSA比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。

表1 糖尿病組與健康對照組PSA水平比較
注:與健康對照組比較,*P<0.05
2.2 糖尿病患者中,二甲雙胍組患者的TPSA、FPSA水平均低于非二甲雙胍組(P<0.01,P<0.05)。兩組TPSA/FPSA比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。

表2 二甲雙胍組與非二甲雙胍組PSA水平比較
注:與非二甲雙胍組比較,*P<0.05,**P<0.01
本研究結果顯示,T2DM患者總PSA水平較健康人群水平較低,由于TPSA是目前診斷前列腺癌的最佳腫瘤標記物,推斷T2DM患者罹患前列腺癌的風險可能降低。而在T2DM患者中,應用二甲雙胍的患者TPSA、FPSA水平均明顯低于非二甲雙胍組,推斷二甲雙胍可能會降低罹患前列腺的風險。其根本作用機制可能在于以下方面:二甲雙胍是一種AMP 活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)[5-6],AMPK可以抑制激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR),而后者是調控惡性細胞增殖活化的重要因子,并與對抗抗癌藥物有關[7-8]。此外,二甲雙胍可以通過調節某些細胞周期蛋白(cycling A /B /D等)誘導細胞周期停滯和凋亡[9-10],干擾Vcap 細胞進入S期,使其停留在G0/G1期。此外,二甲雙胍能抑制線粒體complex1 活性來改變細胞呼吸功能,進而影響細胞能量代謝[11-12]。Vazquez-Martin等[13]也對此進行了研究,結果顯示,二甲雙胍可用于清除上皮起源的非侵入性的腫瘤,即早期原位癌。EMT 指上皮細胞通過特定程序轉化為具有間質表型細胞的生物學過程,從而使其獲得侵襲和轉移的能力[14]。E-cadherin和Vimentin分別是上皮細胞和間質細胞的重要生物標志物[15-16]。Vazquez-Martin等[17]發現,在高侵襲性乳腺癌細胞中,二甲雙胍對由TGFβ信號通路誘導的EMT 過程有抑制作用,表現為TGFβ介導的E-cadherin下調與Vimentin上調消失。因此,二甲雙胍在mRNA 和蛋白水平上,可抑制前列腺癌Vcap細胞的EMT,并顯著抑制腫瘤細胞的侵襲和遷移能力[18]。本試驗為回顧性研究,可能存在選擇性偏倚,但對糖尿病與前列癌關系的總體結論影響不大。本研究結果表明,二甲雙胍在有效控制血糖的同時,可以降低前列腺癌的發病率。因此,二甲雙胍可能會為前列腺癌特別是伴有糖尿病的患者提供新的臨床治療選擇。既往研究多基于動物模型,只有少部分為已明確診斷為前列腺癌的回顧性研究。本研究首次從前列腺癌相關腫瘤標記物角度探討糖尿病與前列腺癌的關系,且從血糖水平及其相關藥物等多方面綜合性分析了二者的關系。糖尿病降低前列腺癌風險的機制一直是研究的熱點。Jayachan-dran曾提出糖尿病降低前列腺癌風險可能與肥胖和種族有關[19],也有學者認為HNF1B 和JAZF1是糖尿病和前列癌的關系所在[20],總之,糖尿病與前列癌的關系仍需進一步探討。
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Effect of metformin on plasma PSA level of type 2 diabetes and the relationship between metformin and prostate cancer
GUO Ying,WU Bo*
(The First Endocrinology Ward,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
Objective To observe the effect of metformin on plasma PSA of T2DM patients,and explore the relationship between metformin and prostate cancer.Methods 178 cases of T2DM male patients of Department of Endocrinology in our hospital from January to August 2014 were collected as experimental group,and 96 healthy men were chose as control group.Patients with previous or simultaneous with prostate disease or other malignant tumor,acute infection (including active tuberculosis) and serious liver and kidney injury were excluded.The retrospective case-control analysis for the clinical data and related auxiliary examination results of the cases in the two groups were done.Results ①The level of PSA in experimental group was lower than that of control group (P<0.05).②In T2DM patients,the total PSA and free PSA levels in patients using metformin were obviously lower than the patients without using metformin group (P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion The plasma PSA level in patients with T2DM was lower than that of healthy people,and metformin may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
Metformin;Type 2 diabetes;PSA;Prostate cancer
2014-05-11
中國醫科大學附屬盛京醫院第一內分泌病房,沈陽 110004
*通信作者
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201504010