朱劍飛?朱平等

[摘要] 目的 探討在腹腔鏡輔助右半結腸全系膜切除術中多入路清掃腸系膜上血管根部的臨床價值。 方法 回顧性析2011年1月~2013年12月間在腹腔鏡輔助右半結腸全系膜切除術的28例患者資料,其中接受多入路清掃腸系膜上血管根部的12例,設為觀察組;單純逆腸系膜上靜脈清掃的16例,設為對照組。比較兩組間出血量、手術時間及清掃淋巴結數量等指標。 結果 所有患者順利完成手術,無中轉開腹。兩組間多項指標比較,觀察組平均大致出血量少于對照組,平均清掃淋巴結個數多于對照組;而平均手術時間、平均術后排氣時間及術后下床時間兩組間差異無統計學意義。 結論 采用多入路法行腹腔鏡下腸系膜上血管根部清掃可降低配合要求,減少出血,清掃更徹底,更加符合無瘤手術原則。
[關鍵詞] 全系膜切除術;腹腔鏡;手術入路;腸系膜上血管
[中圖分類號] R735.35 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 2095-0616(2015)06-147-03
The clinic application of the procedure to clear the root of the superior mesenteric vessels with multi-approach
ZHU Jianfei ZHU Ping SHI Jun ZHU Qiuwei
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery,the Second People's Hospital of Changzhou City,Changzhou 213003,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinic merit of the procedure to clear the root of the superior mesenteric vessels with multi-approach. Methods The materials of 28 patients who underwent the laparoscopic right hemicolectomy which embraced the clearing the root of superior mesenteric vessel by CME rule from January 2011 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were divided into two groups.12 patients were in observation group who underwent the clear the root of SMV by the multi-approach. 16 patients were allocated to the control group who underwent the same operation by the classic approach.The information between both groups were compared,such as blood loss,operation time,harvested lymph and other indexes. Results All operations were performed successfully.NO one was converted to open operation.The mean blood loss in observation group was less than that in the control group;the average number of lymphs harvested in observation group was more than that in the control group.There were no differences of the mean operation time,postoperative anus exhaust time and under the bed time between the two groups. Conclusion The procedure to clear the root of superior mesenteric vessels with multi-approach in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy decreased the cooperative difficulty,made the blood loss less.This procedure was more in line with the no-tumor principle.
[Key words] Complete mesocolic excision;Laparoscopy;Approach;Superior mesenteric artery
德國人Hohenberger在2009年提出為克服結腸癌淋巴結跳躍轉移的特點,提高術后生存率,行結腸癌根治術應遵循全結腸系膜切除(complete mesocolic excision,CME)的概念[1-2]。因大部分右半結腸淋巴結回充至腹系膜上淋巴結,經腹腔干周圍腹腔淋巴結匯合成腸干注入乳糜池[3-4],有必要清掃腸系膜上靜脈(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)及腸系膜上動脈(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)根部組織。但該區小靜脈多,變異大,抗牽拉能力差,常導致術中出血,影響手術視野。甚至中轉開腹。我科從2011年開始嘗試多入路行腹腔鏡下清掃腸系膜上血管根部,取得良好效果,現報道如下。endprint
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2011年1月~2013年12月間接受聯合入路行腹腔鏡輔助右半結腸全系膜切除術的患者28例,所有患者術前已經腸鏡病理檢查及腹部CT明確診斷,所有病例術前影像學證實無周圍臟器累及,美國麻醉醫師協會(ASA)評分[5]≤3。觀察組男8例,女4例,年齡(47.2±8.7)歲。術后Dukes分期:B期2例,C1期6例,C2期4例。術后病理示:低分化腺癌4例、中分化腺癌3例、高分化腺癌1例、黏液腺癌4例。對照組男11例,女5例,年齡(52.6±7.9)歲。術后Dukes分期:B期1例,C1期8例,C2期7例。術后病理示:低分化腺癌8例、
1.2 手術方法
患者呈頭高足低位,傾斜30°,“大”字型固定,術前準備、操作站位及穿刺孔位置無明顯改變,同常規腹腔鏡D3根治術[6-7]。手術步驟:(1)右半結腸主要血管離斷。同樣采用中間入路法,術者站于患者兩腿之間,助手將橫結腸及右結腸向上向右展開,暴露右半結腸系膜,術者持超聲刀以回結腸靜脈為解剖標志,沿上方解剖包裹腸系膜上靜脈的血管鞘,于根部分別切斷回結腸靜脈、右結腸靜脈,中結腸靜脈右支,并于SMV左側離斷相應動脈。(2)SMV根部清掃。沿SMV上方切開橫結腸系膜,繼續切開SMV根部血管鞘。觀察組術者改站于患者右側,掀開胰頸部被膜,剝離胰十二指腸前筋膜,同時辨明胃網膜右靜脈及SMV根部,助手站于患者兩腿之間,持鉗抓胃遠端后壁上翻。在SMV根部血管鞘內,切斷右側匯入的胃結腸靜脈干(gastrocolic trunk of henles,GTH),沿SMV根部下方切斷匯入的鉤突小靜脈及胰十二指腸前下靜脈,清除此區域內疏松組織,并切斷Henle干之右結腸分支。對照組參加手術人員站位不變,手術步驟同上。(3)觀察組病例術者換到左側,在SMV左后方解剖出腸系膜上動脈,同樣離斷左側及后方匯入之小血管清掃左側相應疏松組織。對照組參加手術人員站位不變,手術步驟同上。(4)結腸系膜完整游離,切斷腸管,移除右側大網膜。切開右結腸系膜后葉,暴露Toldt筋膜與Gerota筋膜潛在間隙移除系膜,注意保護右側輸尿管。在胃網膜血管外側,切除右側大網膜。(5)腸管吻合,腹腔沖洗。上腹正中做一長約4cm縱行切口,在預切除線行腸管閉合式切除,并腸管吻合,關閉系膜孔,關腹后再次沖洗探查后結束手術。
1.3 統計學方法
所有數據處理采用SPSS17.0軟件包進行統計學分析,計數資料采用()表示,兩組均數的比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
兩組比較,平均手術時間、術后排氣時間和術后下床活動時間差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);而平均大致出血量及平均清掃淋巴結個數差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。所有病例無中轉開腹,標本切緣陰性。
3 討論
在腸系膜上血管根部區域主要分布有胃網膜右靜脈、胰十二指腸前上、前下靜脈、右結腸靜脈等組成的GTH[8-9],但其組成及走行變異較多,最終在右側匯入SMV根部。另有大量的鉤突小靜脈、交通靜脈及胰十二指腸下靜脈多經下方匯入SMV。同樣的,有眾多微小動脈于左側匯入SMA[10-11]。而在原手術方式中,術者多站于患者兩腿之間,視線近乎平行于腸系膜血管,雖可以切斷側方注入血管,但當超刀頭卷曲,極易引發沿小血管長軸的牽拉效應,因眾多小靜脈管壁薄,抗拉力差,極易出血。而因視野阻擋,十二指腸水平段及SMV根部間僅有極短的潛在間隙,不適合操作,致難以徹底清掃后方注入小血管。
本研究嘗試從左右二側分別行SMV及SMA清掃,觀察組平均大致出血量顯著少于對照組。分析原因:(1)使視角與其成近90°垂直,使這一區域易于清晰暴露;(2)操作空間擴大,可以較方便地原位切斷側方與下方血管并清除疏松組織;(3)因牽拉方向改為垂直于長軸,在一定程度改善了小血管的抗牽拉作用。(4)正因為以上優點,也減少了術中出血,使清掃更徹底,更加符合全系膜切除術淋巴結清掃的原則。
本研究也顯示觀察組與對照組間平均手術時間、術后排氣時間及術后下床活動時間并無統計學意義,觀察組多手術入路結合的方式并沒有增加手術時間,未增加手術創傷,延緩患者預后。值得注意的是,在SMV根部右側處理其屬支時,因管壁薄,不必過分解剖周圍組織,只要弄清血管走行及性質即可,且靜脈骨骼化難于動脈骨骼化,盡可能不做過多牽拉。而在處理SMA時,先打開動脈鞘,分離清楚胰十二指腸下動脈和第1空腸動脈后再離斷處理,以免誤傷[12-13]。
從本研究結果可知,多入路行腹腔鏡下腸系膜上血管根部清掃是可行的。且能取得更好的手術效果,同時不再需要助手在小的操作范圍配合,減少了牽拉,降低了配合要求及手術難度,值得在臨床進一步推廣。
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(收稿日期:2015-01-06)endprint