明圓寺納骨堂，飯塚，福岡，日本

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：古森弘一建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所Architects： FURUMORI KOICHI Architectural Design Studio

明圓寺納骨堂，飯塚，福岡，日本

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：古森弘一建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所
Architects： FURUMORI KOICHI Architectural Design Studio

這是一座位于日本福岡縣的納骨堂。建筑師古森弘一以九州為中心進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)，此前他曾參與過一些寺廟項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)。總體來說，納骨堂僅在特定的時(shí)期內(nèi)被使用，例如盂蘭盆節(jié)，并且拜訪者只在白天停留較短時(shí)間。古森弘一專注于這些獨(dú)特的建筑訴求，并將之帶入設(shè)計(jì)。在初期設(shè)計(jì)階段，他提出一個(gè)無設(shè)備、無照明、甚至無窗的建筑構(gòu)想。之后他與奧雅納工程咨詢有限公司取得聯(lián)系，希望借助奧雅納的多學(xué)科工程技術(shù)，合作提出整體設(shè)計(jì)方案。通過將木柱無序排列，并讓來自天窗的光線穿過層疊的木格屋頂，建筑形成了獨(dú)特的室內(nèi)氛圍，令人印象深刻。

這座納骨堂采用了具有革新性的能源獨(dú)立式設(shè)計(jì)，于2014年9月竣工。奧雅納東京分部為這座355m2的單層建筑提供了結(jié)構(gòu)、水暖電和立面工程方面的技術(shù)服務(wù)。明圓寺納骨堂設(shè)有一個(gè)全玻璃天花板，既避免了電量的消耗，又可以讓充足的光線從木格柵落下，同時(shí)還采用被動(dòng)式策略保證了房間的涼爽和舒適。設(shè)計(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)在于當(dāng)日光直射入玻璃屋頂時(shí)如何維持房間的溫度。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)想到用疊加4層木格柵的辦法來使屋頂下獲得充足的空間，這樣被捕獲的熱量就能在輻射入房間之前被對流空氣帶走。格柵既是遮蔽構(gòu)件，也是結(jié)構(gòu)支撐。竣工以來的測量結(jié)果顯示出其良好性能，白天的照度范圍可以保持在800-1300 lx，室外溫度為32℃的酷暑天氣時(shí)室溫能控制在27℃以下。

納骨空間由高6m的表面裸露的鋼筋混凝土剪力墻（厚400mm）圍成，被疊層木格屋頂覆蓋。木屋頂有4層。第1層梁（高125mm）和第二層梁（高125mm）由于懸掛在第3層梁上，僅為裝飾。第3層梁（高2000mm）的跨度達(dá)5100mm，由最后置入的無序木柱（每根直徑250mm）支撐。第4層梁的最大跨度是2000mm，與第3層梁垂直。為避免第4層梁的側(cè)向彎折，每隔2000mm設(shè)置1根與第3層梁平行的拉桿。拉桿同時(shí)也被用來支撐太陽輻射屏蔽板。天窗和入口空間由鋼架構(gòu)成。天窗的柱基被固定在第4層梁上，因此無法進(jìn)行柱基的末端修補(bǔ)，柱基于是被設(shè)計(jì)為銷連接，柱頭被設(shè)計(jì)為剛性連接。考慮到要減少基地作業(yè)量，剛性連接的接頭處被盡可能地減少了。□（辛夢瑤 譯）

1 從明圓寺前廊看納骨堂/View from the front porch of Myoenji Temple

2 內(nèi)景/Interior view

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

合作者/Collaborators： 奧雅納工程咨詢（日本）有限公司/ Arup Japan， 種子設(shè)計(jì)社/Seed Sekkei-sha

承建方/Contractor： 茜建設(shè)/Akane Kensetsu

樓層/Number of Stories： 1F

結(jié)構(gòu)類型/Type of Structure： 混合結(jié)構(gòu)/Mixed Structure

場地面積/Site Area： 1077.48m2

基地面積/Building Area： 426.27m2

建筑面積/Floor Area： 355m2

攝影/Photos： 新建筑雜志社/Shinkenchiku-sha

評論

范路：明圓寺納骨堂是一座簡潔、內(nèi)斂且設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)膩的當(dāng)代紀(jì)念性建筑。方形的納骨大廳以黑白為背景色——黑色的是骨灰存放柜，白色的是墻面和地面。而在大廳中央，木格屋頂和木柱是產(chǎn)生不可度量空間氛圍的主要元素。4層疊加的木格屋頂，篩下了柔和、舒適且神秘的天光；無序的木柱在平面上引入了難以把握的秩序，并呼應(yīng)了神秘的天光；筆直的圓木柱立于天光和白色地面反光之間，一面堅(jiān)定地?fù)伍_天地，一面又在努力地拉住彼此逃離的屋頂和地面。而所有這一切，讓人仿佛置身于異度空間。

丁垚：納骨堂緊鄰著位于遠(yuǎn)離塵囂的福岡縣的明圓寺本堂，但建筑師并無意將這座建筑與既有的佛教空間產(chǎn)生直接聯(lián)系。周圍只是散落著小住宅和農(nóng)田的僻靜之地，只有長長的參道與車行道路相連。然而，建筑師仍使用了十分內(nèi)向的方式豎起了混凝土實(shí)墻，與外部相通的只有天光和氣流。甚至入口空間也被刻意割離開。畢竟，除了諸如盂蘭盆節(jié)時(shí)的祭祀活動(dòng)之外，這個(gè)空間，并不為“人”而存在。死亡是一種永續(xù)的狀態(tài)，而該建筑中高技的零能耗設(shè)備則實(shí)際上是人為追求一種徹底隔絕“人世”而存在的永續(xù)的自然環(huán)境。而天光下用木材亂柱營造的頗似“但丁紀(jì)念堂”的“天堂”部分的氛圍也正靜靜地訴說著這點(diǎn)。

3 木柱與木格屋頂/Timber post and laminated lattice timber roof

4 門廳/Entrance hall

This building is a columbarium located in Fukuoka Prefecture. Its designer， Koichi Furumori，an architect based in Kyushu， has a history of designing religious projects. In general， the columbarium is mainly utilized during limited periods， such as holidays， and visitors stay only for a short time during the day. Furumori focused on these unique requirements in his design. In the initial design stage， the decision was made to create a building without electrical equipment， lighting，or even windows. Arup， with its reputation of multi-disciplinary engineering， collaborated with Furumori to create a holistic design solution. With the randomly placed timber columns and sunlight streaming down from a skylight perforated by multiple lattice timber roofs， the central internal space has quite a unique and impressive atmosphere.

An innovative energy independent design for the columbarium was completed in September 2014. The Tokyo office of Arup provided structural， MEP，and fa?ade engineering services for the 355 square meter， single story building. Designed to not utilize any electricity， the Myoenji Columbarium has a fully glazed ceiling allowing abundant sunlight through a gridded wooden louver， while a passive ventilation arrangement keeps the room cool and comfortable. The primary challenge was to maintain a constant temperature while providing natural light through the glazed roof. The design team came up with the idea of stacking four timber louvers， allowing adequate space under the roof so that captured heat can be removed by cross ventilation before radiating into the room. The louver provides a dual role as the building's shading device as well as its structural support. Measurements since completion indicate good performance， with daytime lux levels averaging between 800 lx and 1，300 lx with an inside temperature below 27oC， even when the outside temperature on a sunny day was 32oC.

The burial space is surrounded by six meter high exposed reinforced concrete shear walls （400mm thickness）. The laminated lattice timber roof consists of four layers. The first layer （125mm pitch） and the second layer （125mm pitch） are decorative， as they are suspended from the third layer. This third layer’s beams （2，000mm pitch） span 5，100mm maximum and are supported by timber posts （250mm diameter each）， located randomly in the plan. The maximum span of the fourth layer beams are 2，000mm perpendicular to the third layer beams. Tension rods are located every 2，000mm，parallel to the third layer beams， in order to prevent lateral buckling of the fourth layer. Tension rods also support the solar radiation shieldplates. The skylight itself and the entrance space are composed of steel framing. Since the column base of the skylight is placed on the fourth layer beam， a fixed end condition of the column base cannot be expected. Therefore， the column bases are designed with a pin connection， and capitals are designed with rigid connections. In order to reduce the site work load，locations of rigid connections were reduced as much as possible.□

5 剖軸測圖/Isometrics drawing

6 立面細(xì)部/Fa?ade detail

7 屋頂構(gòu)造/Construction detail of roof

Comments

FAN Lu: Myoenji Columbarium is contemporary commemorative architecture with a concise， restrained style and a delicate design. Black and white are used as background colors in square-shaped hall of columbariablack cabinets for funeral urns， and white for walls and floor. In the center of the hall， the multiple-piled lattice timber roof and timber posts are principal elements，which bring one up to an immeasurable atmosphere. Soft， comfortable， but mysterious light is shed through the four stacked timber louvers of the roof； timber posts， randomly located， introduce an intangible order to the plan and echo the mystery of the skylight. The posts stand upright， between the skylight and the reflected light from the white floor， acting to hold up heaven from the earth， and at the same time， keeping the roof and floor from dispersing. By all of these means， a surreal feeling is created in the hall.

DING Yao: The columbarium is located next to the secluded Myoenji Temple in Fukuoka， but the architects had no intention to create a direct connection between this building and the existing Buddhist space. Surrounding the charnel house is a peaceful countryside of small residences and farmland， and it is connected to this context by a long temple walkway connecting with the main road. However， the architect builds in an inward-looking manner with solid concrete walls； its only connections to the outside are a skylight and fresh air. Even the entry space is deliberately disconnected from its context. After all， aside from ritual activities such as those in the Obon Festival， this space is not intended for the "people". Death is a perpetual state；the zero-energy high-tech equipment in this building is actually part of a manmade perpetual environment that is completely isolated from the "world of the living". Under the skylight is a space created by chaotic wooden columns， quite similar to "Paradise" in the Danteum （an unbuilt project by Giuseppe Terragni）， which also quietly expresses this perpetual state within the building.

11 紀(jì)念環(huán)入口/Entrance to the Ring of Remembrance

12 構(gòu)成紀(jì)念環(huán)的鍍金金屬板/Gilded metal panels

評論

朱育帆：“回憶之環(huán)”第一感不由得讓人聯(lián)想起凱瑟琳·古斯塔夫森設(shè)計(jì)的“戴妃環(huán)”，有趣的是這個(gè)基于328m環(huán)線尺度的紀(jì)念環(huán)營造出截然不同的空間感和寓意。一個(gè)閉合、穩(wěn)定和均質(zhì)的橢圓環(huán)被放置在法國國家墓地南側(cè)可以俯瞰阿圖瓦平原的相對平緩的邊緣，于是具有不穩(wěn)定感的懸念出現(xiàn)在了它的東南角：挑空、傾瀉…… 另外值得注意的是這個(gè)水平向紀(jì)念碑在紀(jì)念觀上的拓展，超越了國家和種族，沒有勝利者也沒有失敗者，只有平等的人。

袁野：在法國加萊海峽遼闊的鄉(xiāng)野，洛雷特圣母國際紀(jì)念碑以極其簡潔而有力的橢環(huán)形態(tài)，漂浮著并嵌入大地，傳達(dá)出強(qiáng)烈的超越時(shí)空的紀(jì)念性。其超越性還體現(xiàn)在將戰(zhàn)爭中所有死去的戰(zhàn)士完全以姓名首字母順序排列，強(qiáng)調(diào)了每個(gè)生命的尊嚴(yán)，并通過水平勻質(zhì)的環(huán)形布置去除一切差別，無論國家、種族和信仰。布滿579，606個(gè)名字的500枚連續(xù)的鍍金板在陽光下閃爍著神秘而高貴的光芒，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了人類對和平終極愿望的表達(dá)。在這個(gè)令人震撼的作品中，藝術(shù)與自然以純粹的手段達(dá)到高度的對立統(tǒng)一，風(fēng)景甚至因?yàn)榧o(jì)念碑的存在而呈現(xiàn)出本不具備的強(qiáng)烈象征性。這記憶之環(huán)，更是人類的和平宣言。

Comments

ZHU Yufan: After first glancing at the "Ring of Memory"， one may be reminded of the "Ring of Diana" designed by Kathryn Gustafson. It is interesting how this commemorative ring， forming a 328 meter perimeter， creates a completely different sense of space and meaning. A closed， stable， and even ellipse is placed on the relatively flat southern portion of France's National Cemetery， overlooking the Artois Plain. However， this scenic overlook is accompanied by a unstable cantilevering of the ring's southeastern section： the vertical height， the falling... The other thing that needs to be pointed out is that this horizontally oriented monument expands the idea of commemoration， making it surpass nationality， race，and the definitions of winners versus losers； are people all equal.

YUAN Ye: The Notre Dame de Lorette International Memorial both floats above and embeds into the vast countryside of the Pas de Calais in France. With its extremely simple and powerful ringed elliptical shape， the memorial conveys strongly suggests the character of a timeless monument. This transcendence is also reflected in its completely equal treatment of all of the fallen it memorializes， emphasizing the dignity of every life. The horizontal and homogeneous circular arrangement of inscribed names removes all differences， regardless of the countries， races，or religions involved in the conflict. Five hundred consecutive gold plates， covered with 579，606 names，shine nobly and mysteriously. They express the ultimate human desire for peace. This stunning work simultaneously unites and opposes art and nature through a pure language. The landscape even exhibits a strong symbolic meaning that would not have existed if not for the presence of the monument. It is a ring of memory， but more so it is a declaration of peace for all mankind.

Myoenji Columbarium， Iizuka， Fukuoka， Japan， 2014

13 “漂浮”的紀(jì)念環(huán)/The "levitating" Memorial