林中墓地新火葬場，斯德哥爾摩，瑞典

2015-10-11 09:05:13建筑設計約翰塞爾辛建筑師事務所ArchitectsJohanCelsingArkitektkontor

世界建筑 2015年8期

關鍵詞：建筑設計

建筑設計：約翰·塞爾辛建筑師事務所Architects： Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor

林中墓地新火葬場，斯德哥爾摩，瑞典

建筑設計：約翰·塞爾辛建筑師事務所
Architects： Johan Celsing Arkitektkontor

1 鳥瞰/Aerial view

2 總平面/Site plan

1- 信仰、希望與圣十字禮拜堂/Chapels of Faith， Hope and the Holy Cross

2- 林中禮拜堂/Woodland chapel

3- 重生禮拜堂/Chapel of Resurrection

4- 訪客中心，之前為服務用房/Visitor center， previously service building

5- 新火葬場/The new crematorium

這座新火葬場位于林中墓地原生林起伏的地形之中。這座謙遜的磚建筑在大片百年古松之中，150m外便是瑞典建筑師埃里克·貢納爾·阿斯普朗德1940年設計的主禮拜堂。新火葬場在2009年匿名國際競賽中的主題是“林中之石”。

平面的布局和室內的氛圍是新火葬場的設計重點。緊湊的平面讓員工有良好的視野，同時盡量減少占用珍貴的林地。裸露的白混凝土是建筑的主體結構。其意圖是表達穩固，并在室內營造一種祥和的氣氛。混凝土由全白的丹麥水泥制成，壓上交錯的白云石。模板拆除后，表面未做任何處理。這樣，墻面和天花就保留了一種觸感微妙的施工痕跡。

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client：斯德哥爾摩墓地委員會/The Stockholms Cemetery Committee

主持建筑師/Principal Architect： Johan Celsing

項目團隊/Project Team： Stefan Andersson， G?ran Marklund， Elisabet Bernsveden， Sven Etzler， Eyvind Bergstr?m， IbbBerglund， Tommy Carlsson， Kristina Dalberg，Marcus Eliasson， Milo Lavén， Sabina Liew， Thomas Marcks，Anna Ryf， Carl Tor?ker， Carl W?rn

景觀建筑師/Landscape Architects： Rita Illien/Müller Illien Landschaftsarchitekten GmH

結構工程/Construction Engineering： Tyréns AB

暖通空調/HVAC： Anders Dahlbeck VVS Konsult AB

電氣工程/Electricity： Sonny Svenson Konsult AB

聲學設計/Acoustics： Akustikon AB

建筑面積/Floor Area： 3000m2

設計競賽時間/Design Competition Time： 2009

建成時間/Completion： 2013.11

攝影/Photos： Erik Hugoson（fig. 1）， Ioana Marinescu（fig. 3，5，6，11，14，15）， JCA（fig. 7-9）

考慮到音效，部分室內使用了穿孔磚。白色釉面讓它能夠反射并強化來自屋頂洞隙的光線。建筑的公共空間之一是儀式廳，圍繞棺槨或骨灰罐的悼念儀式就在這里舉行。建筑體塊內部是露天的中庭，員工在這里聚集休息時不會影響送葬者。立面和屋頂都用磚，形成小尺度的表面，并使其與周圍古松的樹干形成對比。送葬者與訪客通過松林間大片的花崗巖石板路進入火葬場。公共入口處還有一個碩大的磚門廊，送葬者可以在這里小憩，欣賞近前的自然林地。門廊處均為磚面，角度卻各不相同。立面、地面和門廊天花上也使用磚面。除此之外，還有一棵巨大的花崗巖承重柱。□（尚晉譯）

3 外景/Exterior view

This new crematorium is located among undulating terrain within a forested section of Skogskyrkog?rden， also known as Woodland Cemetery. Situated in a cluster of massive century old pines， the compact brick structure is approximately 150 meters away from the main chapel complex， designed by Gunnar Asplund in 1940. The project was titled， in the anonymous international competition held in 2009， "A Stone in the Forest".

The arrangement of the crematorioum's plan and the characteristics of its interior were of major concern. The project’s compact footprint gives the staff a comprehensive overview of the facility， and it also makes a limited encroachment in the precious forest. Exposed white concrete has been used as the structure of the building. The aim has been to achieve a robust quality as well as to provide a sense of clemency in the building's interior. The concrete is bright Danish white cement with Dolomite cross as ballast. No treatment had been done to the surfaces when the formwork was dismantled， thus the walls and ceilings provide a subtle but palpable sign of the construction process.

For acoustics， perforated bricks are used in portions of the interior. As they are glazed white，they reflect and accentuate the light from the various openings and slits in the roof. One of the main spaces in the building is a Ceremony Room where mourners can pay their respects at the coffin or urn. Also inside the central block is an atrium，open to the sky where staff can congregate at breaks without interfering with the mourners. Brick has been chosen for the facades and roof to convey a smaller scale as well as to relate to the trunks of the surrounding pines. Mourners reach the building via a path of large granite slabs that have been laid out between the pines. At the public entrance， there is a generous brick canopy under which mourners may gather or rest in close proximity to the forest. At the canopy all the surfaces are of brick， laid on different edges. They are similarly laid on the facades， on the ground， and cast into the ceiling of the canopy. Adding to the brick surfaces is one massive load bearing granite column.□

4 平面/Plan

1- 公共入口/Public entry

2- 等候區/Waiting hall

3- 接待區/Reception

4- 儀式廳/Ceremony room

5- 火化廳/Furnace hall

6- 控制室/Control room

7- 冷庫一/Cold store 1

8- 冷庫二/Cold store 2

9- 冷卻機和蓄能器/Coolers and accumulators

10- 進氣口/Air intake

11- 車庫/Garage

12- 帶頂棚的汽車入口/Covered car entrance

13- 棺槨接收廳/Hall for receiving coffins

14- 骨灰存放室/Urns storage

15- 中庭/Atrium

16- 更衣室/Changing room

17- 員工室/Staff room

18- 經理室/Manager room

5 從等候區室內看門廊/View of the porch from interior of waiting hall

6 從門廊看火化廳入口/View of the furnace hall's entrance from the porch

評論

金秋野：建筑外部看上去是對矩形盒子的切削，貼磚的方式損害了磚的物質性。與外部形成強烈對比的是它的室內空間，冷色調、金屬反光、光滑如鏡的混凝土地面和墻面、透明玻璃、穿孔金屬板塑造了一個清冷明凈的內部環境，這一點從建筑外在形象上無法猜到，卻合乎當代建筑美學的分析特征。設計雖然位于林中墓地的環境中，卻似乎并無意圖去跟早先存在的部分尋求某種呼應。

袁野：林中墓地的新火葬場成功地延續了阿斯普朗德為老森林墓園建筑和風景所定義的樸素而神秘的特質。考究的流線設計和微妙的光線處理十分自然地與空間和建筑形體有機結合，絕無斧鑿刻意之感。外墻和屋頂一體化的磚飾面使建筑和諧融入松林景觀，并成為一塊巨大的“林中之石”。入口的門廊既出于對功能的細致考量，也是對阿斯普朗德于1940年設計建造的主禮拜堂巨大門廊的致敬。室內的白色混凝土墻面和精心設置的天光所營造的純凈氛圍與室外粗樸自然的景象形成鮮明對比，似對人間和天堂的隱喻。

Comments

JIN Qiuye: The exterior of the building looks a rectangular box that has been cut into， while the use of tile in the building impairs the materiality of bricks. The interior spaces of the building form a sharp contrast with its exterior. The cool-colored，metal-reflective， and smooth mirror-like concrete floor， its walls， and the use of transparent glass and perforated metal plates create a cold and clean interior environment， which cannot be assumed by only examining the exterior. Rather， it is consistent with all the features of contemporary architectural aesthetics. Although located in the ambience of a forest graveyard，the design seems to have no intention to correspond to the existing surroundings.

YUAN Ye: This newly built crematorium successfully continues the simple but mysterious nature that defines Woodland Cemetary， whose buildings and landscapes were originally designed by Eric Gunnar Asplund. Elegant streamlined design and subtle lighting effects naturally combine architectural form and space， without any sense of deliberateness. The integration of brick on the exterior walls and roof helps to make the building harmoniously blend into the pine forest landscape，becoming "a huge stone of the forest". The entrance porch displays a detailed functional consideration，which also is intended to pay tribute to the great porch of the cemetery's main chapel complex， designed by Eric Gunnar Asplund in 1940. In the interior， white concrete walls and a pure atmosphere created by skylights contrast starkly with the rustic outdoor scene. It seems to create a metaphor of humanity and heaven.

The New Crematorium at the Woodland Cemetery， Stockholm， Sweden， 2013