郭冠蘭,黃勝堂(綜述),吳 翔(審校)
(1.南通大學醫學院心內科,江蘇南通 226001;2.湖北科技學院藥學院,湖北咸寧 437100)
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)嚴重影響人們的健康。每100萬美國成年人中有5000 人需施行血運重建術[1]。從1980年以來,冠狀動脈旁路移植術(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是冠心病血運重建的金標準。隨著經皮冠狀動脈介入(percutaneous coronary interventions,PCI)在臨床上的應用,CABG的臨床應用逐漸減少,至2008年只有不到20%的血運重建采用 CABG[1]。在應用 PCI進行血運重建中,約68%的患者使用藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stents,DES),28%的患者使用裸金屬支架(bare-metal stent,BMS),仍有3.5%的患者施行球囊成形術[1-2]。最近的一項研究結果表明,在非急性適應證的PCI中,有11.6%(16 838例)是不合適的,難以提高患者生活質量或存活率,另有38.0%(54 988例)的PCI療效不顯著[3]。現對DES治療冠狀動脈疾病療效優勢的研究進展進行綜述。
1.1 雷帕霉素洗脫支架(sirolimus eiuting stent,SES)1999年,雷帕霉素包覆的Cypher支架首次用于臨床。雷帕霉素是一種免疫抑制劑,通過抑制細胞因子和生長因子介導的平滑肌和淋巴細胞增殖來減少內膜增殖[4-6]。2002年有研究將SES與BMS進行隨機比較,結果表明SES降低了術后6個月再狹窄發生率和心臟并發癥。SES和BMS的Meta分析結果顯示,兩者植入后患者的病死率和心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)發生率相似,但前者在再次血運重建方面有更大的改善[4-6]。
1.2 紫杉醇洗脫支架(paclitaxel-eluting stents,PES)TAXUS Express PES是一種紫杉醇包覆的支架,紫杉醇是一種抗腫瘤藥物,可減少平滑肌增殖和遷移。PES和SES一樣,比BMS的臨床應用效果要好,術后6個月無再狹窄發生,晚期管腔丟失率下降[7]。PES和BMS的病死率和MI發生率相似,前者使再次血運重建率下降[8]。TAXUS Liberte PES是另一種紫杉醇包覆的支架,和TAXUS Express PES比較,在輸送性、順應性、藥物分布均勻性等方面均有提高[9]。與PES相比,SES在病灶血運重建(target lesion revascularization,TLR)和預防MI方面效果更好,在病死率和支架血栓方面相當[6]。對于糖尿病患者,是否應該優先考慮SES目前仍存在爭議,因為和紫杉醇相比,雷帕霉素抑制平滑肌遷移的作用要差。
1.3 佐他莫斯洗脫支架(zotarolimus-eluting stents,ZES) 佐他莫斯是一種免疫抑制劑,可誘導支架表面均勻和完全覆蓋內膜[10]。裸露的支架材料有可能引起血栓形成[11]。第一代DES(SES和PES)表面的高分子涂層會引起過敏和炎癥,從而導致血栓[12]。第二代DES使用高分子仿生內皮組織,可預防血栓[13]。因此,理論上ZES不良反應較少。
隨機試驗結果表明,與BMS相比,ZES的安全性相似,但效果更好[14]。研究表明,ZES降低了MI的發生率,然而卻導致了較高的管腔晚期丟失、支架內再狹窄和 TLR發生率[15-16]。與PES比較,ZES的管腔晚期丟失和TLR發生率較高,然而,術后3年的MI發生率較低[17]。這與早期的報道不同,早期報道PES和ZES有相近的病死率和MI發生率,但PES的12個月TLR發生率較高[15]。
1.4 依維莫司洗脫支架(everolimus-eluting stents,EES) 依維莫司是雷帕霉素的衍生物,雷帕霉素是一種用于治療器官移植排斥反應的免疫抑制劑。目前臨床使用的有2種EES產品,Xiernce V EES和Promus EES。EES和BMS的比較研究結果表明,EES可降低管腔晚期丟失、支架內再狹窄和TLR發生率[18]。與PES比較,EES不僅有較低的管腔晚期丟失、支架內再狹窄和TLR發生率,且病死率、MI和主要不良心血管事件的發生率也降低[18-22]。對EES和SES術后3年臨床效果統計的結果表明,EES有較低的MI、TLR及支架內血栓發生率[13]。最近的研究表明,EES和ZES在術后的病死率、MI或TLR方面差異無統計學意義[23]。
盡管DES要比球囊成形術與BMS效果好得多,但DES也會引起一些并發癥,如支架破裂等。病理研究報道,DES術后并發癥發生率達29%,即177例中有51例發生支架破裂[24]。動脈瘤是其中一個并發癥,一項血管造影隨訪研究報道,1.3%植入DES的患者罹患動脈瘤[25]。這些并發癥與ST段抬高、血管再狹窄和栓塞有關[8]。支架植入后需長期服用抗血小板藥物,選用哪種抗血小板藥物、雙藥還是三藥聯用,療程多長等都有爭論。此外,DES植入后也會引起一定的過敏反應等[26]。
一些研究結果表明,CABG的療效要比PCI好[27-29]。然而,對于有些患者來說,DES是標準治療方法[30-31],DES特別適合于治療單支或雙支血管病變。DES禁用于已經植入支架且不能再接受新支架或支架植入導致多次支架內血栓的患者。
3.1 左前降支近段 左前降支是冠狀動脈最重要的一個分支,其供血范圍約占左心室的50%,因此,左前降支近段狹窄病變的危險性顯著高于其他部位的病變。PCI與BMS和CABG的研究結果顯示,左前降支近段病變患者在心肌血運重建時應優先采用CABG而不是PCI[30]。CABG顯著降低心絞痛復發率、靶血管血運重建發生率、主要心腦血管不良事件發生率[31-32]。因為與BMS相比,DES可顯著降低心絞痛復發率和再次血運重建,一些研究試圖證明對左前降支近段病變患者植入DES和施行CABG有相似的療效[33-38]。一項為期5年的ARTSⅠ期和Ⅱ期數據的分析結果表明,SES和CABG有相似的死亡率、腦卒中率和MI發生率,但DES的血運重建重復發生率較高。這些研究表明,DES和CABG有相似的安全性,但CABG療效較好[33]。因此,CABG依然是目前左前降支近段病變患者的標準治療方法。
另有文獻報道,在兩組患者的年齡、性別構成和冠心病危險因素、臨床診斷、左心室射血分數差異無統計學意義的情況下,SES組和DMS組的實驗結果顯示,術后12個月隨訪中SES組冠狀動脈造影再狹窄率顯著降低,并直接導致術后不良心臟事件發生率的下降[39]。冠狀動脈左前降支近中段病變DES置入術在繼續保持創傷小、恢復快特點的同時,顯著縮小在再次血管重建術上與CABG的差距,成為冠狀動脈左前降支近中段病變的有效血運重建策略。
3.2 多血管病變 PCI和CABG用于治療多血管病變,哪個更好成為近幾十年來大家研究的課題。對BMS和CABG比較試驗結果進行Meta分析,結果表明兩者的病死率或MI發生率相似,但是BMS的血運重建的復發率較高[28]。
DES的出現使介入心臟病專家對PCI用于治療冠心病的前景更加樂觀,盡管隨機試驗結果還沒有證明PCI和CABG有相似的療效[40]。SYNTAX試驗證實CABG依然是治療多血管病變的標準方案[31,41-42]。PCI的主要心腦血管事件發生率較CABG高(28.0%比20.2%),這是由于前者反復血運重建的發生率高(19.7%比10.7%)所致。SYNTAX分數用來表征冠心病的復雜程度,對于SYNTAX分數較低(<23)的患者,PCI和 CABG 有相似療效[43],表明 PCI對于復雜程度較低病灶的患者有較好的療效,可拓展PCI的應用,使其適用于復雜程度較低的三血管患者的治療。對糖尿病患者來說,CABG的效果比PCI要好[27]。在引入 DES和采用較好的抗血小板治療方法后,PCI的療效得到提高,然而,SYNTAX試驗結果證明CABG的療效要好得多[44-45],糖尿病患者也適用[46]。CABG依然是治療糖尿病冠心病患者的最佳選擇,雖然如此,采用何種手術方案還是應該由專家會診確定。另有文獻報道,DES組患者的血栓形成數、再次血管重建術、心絞痛再次發作、心功能衰竭等均明顯少于BMS 組[47]。
3.3 左主干冠狀動脈病 臨床上左主干病變是指冠狀動脈造影左主干狹窄程度>50%的病變,占動脈造影病例的4% ~6%,在CABG患者中占30%[48]。左主干冠狀動脈病患者采用何種治療最佳一直有爭論。盡管研究表明用DES進行的PCI與CABG的效果相似,目前關于心肌血運重建的指導方針依然將CABG作為最佳對策[30]。有研究報道,PCI-DES與CABG治療無保護左主干病變患者總體療效相似[49]。用SYNTAX評分指導無保護左主干病變血管重建方式的選擇有重要價值,但在不同的患者人群中,仍應結合臨床特征和冠狀動脈病變特點選擇恰當的血運重建術。研究報道支架植入的療效令人滿意,但CABG的再次血運重建發生率更低[50-51]。在705例左主干冠狀動脈病患者中,與PCI相比,CABG治療后的再次血運重建發生率明顯較低[31,52]。最近的PRECOMBAT試驗結果表明,左主干冠狀動脈病患者采用DES進行PCI手術和CABG的效果(2年內)相當。PCI和CABG術后的MI、中風或局部缺血引起的靶血管血運重建分別為12.2%和8.1%[53]。因為該試驗存在一些缺陷,試驗結果不具臨床上的指導價值。SYNTAX和PRECOMBAT試驗的統計功效較低,EXCEL試驗可能得到較明確的結論,值得期待。
綜上所述,DES可通過攜帶抑制平滑肌細胞增生的藥物或抗細胞增殖藥物,從而抑制新生內膜增生,達到進一步控制再狹窄率的效果。采用支架植入的PCI最近幾十年來已取得顯著成就,導致PCI和CABG的術后效果越來越接近。復雜程度較低的冠心病患者用DES進行PCI手術的療效好。不可否認的是,CABG仍有其不可替代的地位,對于某些DES無法處理的病變和PCI高危患者,CABG依然是重要治療手段,而且CABG也不斷地向全動脈化、微創化和智能化方向發展。CABG依然是左前降支或左主干冠狀動脈病以及復雜的多血管病變患者優先選擇的治療方案。
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