2009年2015米蘭世博會概念性總體規(guī)劃

赫爾佐格與德梅隆/Herzog & de Meuron

張裕翔 譯/Translated by ZHANG Yuxiang

2009年2015米蘭世博會概念性總體規(guī)劃

Expo Milano 2015 Conceptual Masterplan, 2009

赫爾佐格與德梅隆/Herzog & de Meuron

張裕翔 譯/Translated by ZHANG Yuxiang

1 概念性總體規(guī)劃平面/Conceptual masterplan

2015米蘭世博會有一個光彩奪目的主題來裝點自己——“滋養(yǎng)地球，生命之源”。

建筑和城市要怎么為一次世界博覽會做出自己的貢獻呢？更具體來說，什么樣的總體規(guī)劃才能恰如其分地服務于這樣一個志向遠大的主題呢？在收到當時的米蘭市長萊蒂齊亞·莫拉蒂夫人發(fā)出的2015米蘭世博會總體規(guī)劃的設計邀請時，我們開始思考以上問題。我們其實從來都不太喜歡這類吸引和取悅成千上萬觀眾的大場面。我們決定唯有在主辦方接受一個激進而新穎的世界博覽會理念的情況下，才接受這份設計邀請。我們要求甲方摒棄那些建立在紀念碑式建筑和標榜國家榮譽感的名利秀場之上的世界博覽會理念。世博會自從19世紀中葉就落入了這樣的窠臼之中，并且在前不久的2010上海世博會上，我們也再次目睹了那些過分造作的巨構(gòu)建筑。在知悉卡洛·彼得里尼的加入后，我們對自己富于革新意義的設計方式更加具有信心。項目初期，卡洛曾經(jīng)發(fā)表過一次令人印象深刻的演講，內(nèi)容關于他正在全球各個角落積極倡導的“大地母親”運動。世界博覽會的確應該將地球上美好的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀展示給人們，同時也應該把人口過多、干旱、農(nóng)藥/工業(yè)化和跨國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)的種子專利問題所引發(fā)的矛盾和挑戰(zhàn)公諸于眾。

2009年夏，我們在國際展覽局匯報了我們的總體規(guī)劃方案，該方案是我們與斯特凡諾·博埃里、理查德·布爾德特和威廉·麥克多諾合作設計的成果。我們將古羅馬城市中由兩條主要軸線正交十字網(wǎng)格系統(tǒng)作為規(guī)劃方案的概念參考。之所以采取這種“永恒”形式，是因為它具有普適的開放性，并且能夠引起人們關于“理想城市”的遐想。這種鮮明而簡潔的幾何形式可以幫助參展國擺脫建筑形式的羈絆，從而更專注于“滋養(yǎng)地球，生命之源”這一主題的實質(zhì)性內(nèi)涵。我們向參展國提議，希望他們能放棄獨立設計建造的展館建筑，而利用主辦方提供的簡單的展亭展示本國的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀和花園。此概念可以讓每一個參展國都在這條寬闊的大道兩側(cè)做出同等重要的貢獻。沒有哪一個展亭會過于搶眼，也沒有哪一個展亭會用它怪異的設計野心從“滋養(yǎng)地球，生命之源”所表達出的世博會核心理念上分散我們的注意力。那條中央大道會從本質(zhì)上整合所有參展國的展館，并將借助一張貫通全長的長桌打造一座巨型的星球花園。這張長桌受到了萊昂納多·達芬奇《最后的晚餐》的啟發(fā)，是各種活動的載體。人們可以在此相遇、聚集，仿佛這張桌子正象征著參展國共同享有的地球。

世博會主辦方接受我們概念方案中提出的嚴謹?shù)牟季中问剑髞碓诼?lián)系和游說參展國采納我們關于國家展館的革新理念的過程中，我們感到自己并未得到應有的支持。到了2011年，我們意識到重新定義21世紀世界博覽會的夢想終將破滅，唯一能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的只有我們概念方案中的幾何形式布局。□

Expo Milan 2015 adorns itself with a proud title: "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life".

What can architecture and urbanism contribute to a World Exhibition and, more specifically, how can the masterplan for a World Exhibition justify such a proud title? These were the questions we raised when the then mayor of Milan, Mrs. Letizia Moratti, asked us to design the masterplan for the Expo Milan 2015. We never liked such big shows, made to attract and impress millions of visitors. We decided to only accept the invitation to design the Milan masterplan if the client would accept a radically new vision for a World Exhibition, abandoning the obsolete idea of Expositions solely based on architectural monuments and outmoded vanity shows of national pride, which Expos have always been since the mid-19th century and which we last experienced in the 2010 Shanghai Expo with its overblown, massive structures. We felt encouraged to go for a radical new approach after learning about Carlo Petrini's involvement. In the early days of the process Carlo gave a very impressive speech about his "Terra Madre" movement in all parts of this planet. The World Exhibition should bring to the fore all the beauty of this planet's agricultural landscapes, but also all the challenges that come with overpopulation, drought, fertilization/ industrialization and patent issues for seeds by multinational agro companies.

In summer 2009 we presented our concept for the masterplan that we developed together with Stefano Boeri, Ricky Burdett and William McDonough to the Bureau International des Expositions. As a reference for our conceptual masterplan we took the cardo/decumanus orthogonal grid system of the ancient roman city. We went for this "timeless" pattern because of its generic openness and its affinity to the "Ideal City". Its strong and simple orthogonal geometry would free all participants from any formal architectural exercises and therefore put more focus on the actual contents of the theme "Feeding the Planted, Energy for Life". We proposed to encourage all participating countries to abandon the idea of individually designed architectural pavilions and instead accept to present their national agricultural landscapes and gardens in simple and basic pavilion structures provided by the organizers. Such a concept would let all participants contribute in an equally important way alongside a generous boulevard. None of the pavilions would be overwhelming, none would bore us through its idiosyncratic design ambition or divert us from the essential content which is expressed in the message "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life". The large boulevard, literally uniting the pavilions of all participating nations, would become a huge, planetary garden with a long table stretching the full length of the boulevard. This table, inspired by Leonardo's Last Supper, would become a place for events, for people to meet and come together, symbolically representing a planetary table for all participants.

The organizers accepted our conceptual plan with its geometric rigor, but we subsequently did not feel supported in approaching and convincing the participating countries to embark on our radical approach for the national pavilions. It was around 2011 when we understood that our hope to reinvent the 21st-century World Exhibition would fail and only the geometric pattern of our concept would finally be realized. □(Text: Herzog & de Meuron)

項目信息/Credits and Data

項目地點/Location: Rho-Pero, Milan, Italy

項目階段/Project Phases: 概念規(guī)劃/Conceptual Masterplan客戶/Client: Expo 2015 S.p.A., Milan, Italy

客戶代表/Client Representative: Giuseppe Sala (Commissioner of the Italian Government for Expo Milan 2015 and CEO of Expo 2015 S.p.A.)

合伙人/Partners: Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Andreas Fries (Partner in Charge)

項目團隊/Project Team: Lisa Euler (Project Manager), Caetano de Bragan?a, María ángeles Lerín Ruesca, Monica Leung

建筑顧問委員會/Architecture Advisory Board: Herzog & de Meuron, Ricky Burdett, Stefano Boeri Architetti, William McDonough + Partners

展覽內(nèi)容及功能設計/Exhibition Contents and Program: Stefano Boeri Architetti, Milan, Italy

委員會總協(xié)助/General Assistance of the Board Members: Ricky Burdett, London, UK

可持續(xù)設計、承建、材料、基建及運行/Sustainability, Construction, Materials, Infrastructures and Flows: William McDonough + Partners, Charlottesville, USA

城市與建筑概念設計/Urban and Architectural Concept: Herzog & de Meuron, Basel, Switzerland

功能/Use: 規(guī)劃設計：2015米蘭世博會概念總體規(guī)劃，世博會主題“滋養(yǎng)地球，生命之源”144個參展國、3個國際機構(gòu)、13個非政府組織及3個企業(yè)展館/Urban Design: Conceptual Masterplan for the Expo Milan 2015 World Exhibition with the theme "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life", participating 144 countries, 3 international organizations, 13 non-governmental organizations and 3 corporate pavilions.

基地面積/Site Area: 1,100,000 m2

總建筑面積/Gross Floor Area (GFA): 315,000m2