自然氛圍：奧地利館

建筑設計：呼吸·奧地利小組，克勞斯·雷恩哈特

Architects: team.breathe.austria, Klaus K. Loenhart

自然氛圍：奧地利館

Natural Atmosphere: Austrian Pavilion

建筑設計：呼吸·奧地利小組，克勞斯·雷恩哈特

Architects: team.breathe.austria, Klaus K. Loenhart

1 外景/Exterior view

讓空氣成為城市實踐的營養和催化劑

為了回應本年度的米蘭世博會主題“滋養地球，生命之源”，奧地利館將我們的注意力吸引到了“空氣”這一重要的養分和寶貴資源上。作為生物圈中最基礎的組成部分，空氣、氣候和大氣將我們星球上的所有生物統合起來。因此，空氣既是生命的源泉，又是一種自然財產。

“呼吸·奧地利”，展館本身就是展品。作為一種原型，它通過揭示出由自然與技術組成的混合系統所具有的潛力來為未來自然環境與城市策略的互動模式提供參考。展館的核心部分是一片茂密的奧地利森林。它靠技術元素的支撐而得以實現，創造出一片可以呼吸的微氣候。憑借氧和碳的生成內核，展館成為了一個“空氣發生站”，而且是整個米蘭世博會上唯一一座不需要動用傳統空調就能抵御米蘭酷暑的展館。對于項目設計者們來說，這種自然元素與技術系統的融合也預示著一次設計思考模式的轉移。

展館由一個名為“呼吸·奧地利小組”的多學科合作團隊設計完成。該小組由建筑師、景觀師、克勞斯·雷恩哈特教授主持。

環保性能和集成技術

展館的建筑空間被12種取自奧地利森林的生態型植物占滿——苔蘚、灌木，乃至12m高的參天大樹都層列其中，不一而足。190種以上的植物種類構成了豐富的生物多樣性，并使空間中的光影、空氣和清新的氣味相生成趣。在水霧噴頭和超細水射頭等技術手段的作用下，展館在其內部創造出了一個微氣候，也為參觀者帶來了激動人心的感官體驗。自2015年5月初米蘭世博會開幕以來，參觀奧地利館的游客就能夠完全沉浸在這清新美好的室內環境中，動用自己的全部感官去體驗森林的表演。在3個月的時間里，超過12,800株的多年生植物、草類和森林樹木被栽培到這片經過精密的工程設計的復雜景觀當中。

在天然富含水分的森林中，冷卻作用一般通過蒸發來實現，即通過水分從動植物群體中，以及從土壤和水體表面蒸發來實現。然而，在“呼吸·奧地利”里，技術手段加強了這種蒸發冷卻作用。雖然展館的室內面積只有560m2，熱動力高壓霧化噴頭可以激活所有植物的表面，讓它們進行蒸發散熱，這樣總體的作用表面積就增加到了43,000m2之多。

雖然被限制在有限的空間之內，但“呼吸·奧地利”成功地在一館之內創造了一個獨特的氣候帶：一片清新、涼爽、使人留戀徜徉的空間。自然和技術高效的配合作用使室內溫度下降了5～7℃，完全取代了傳統的空調系統。展館每小時產出62.5kgO2——足夠滿足1800個參觀者的需求。在一個560m2的空間內，“呼吸·奧地利”成功實現了一座比它大得多的3hm2左右森林的生態效益。這個展館真正成為了一個呼吸著的“光合作用收納器”，為全球氧氣生產做出了卓越貢獻。

奧地利館是一個感官性和體驗性的所在，它融合連接著看似不相融的元素——人工技術與自然多樣性——并在氣候上發揮著主動作用。這種“自然氣候機”系統可以在功能上無縫嵌入各種尺度的城市區域，在世界各地的都市地區發揮效用。因此，“呼吸·奧地利”實際為我們提供了一個媒介性的原型，旨在激發人們關于新能源、智慧城市、全生命周期設計、零碳和綠色科技的探討和思考。“呼吸·奧地利”展館為未來城市實踐提供了一個模型。它揭示了構建技術與自然環境之間的橋梁所帶來的巨大發展潛力和重要意義，也將給眾多其他相關項目帶來啟發。□（張裕翔 譯）

2.3 內景/Interior views

4 立面/Elevation

5 剖面/Section

項目信息/Credits and Data

建筑設計/Architects: team.breathe.austria, terrain: studio for architecture and landscape architecture BDA

主持設計/Principal: Klaus K. Loenhart

合作/Cooperation: Agency in Biosphere – Markus Jeschaunig; Hohensinn Architektur ZT GmbH – Karlheinz Boiger; LANDLAB, i_a&l, TU-Graz – Andreas Goritschnig und Bernhard K?nig; Lendlabor Graz – Anna Resch und Lisa Enzenhofer; Alexander Kellas; Engelsmann Peters Engineers – Stefan Peters; transsolar –Wolfgang Kessling; BOKU Wien IBLB – Bernhard Scharf

客戶/Client: Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, Regierungsbeauftragter DI Josef Pr?ll, Wirtschaftskammer ?sterreich

攝影/Photos: Daniele Madia(fig.2,3,11), Marc Lins(fig.1,9,13,14), press@terrain(fig.6,12)

6 內景/Interior view

7.8 圖解/Diagrams

Air as food and a catalyst for urban practices

In response to the theme of this year's Milan Expo, "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life", the Austrian contribution breathe.austria draws our attention to an essential nutrient and one of our most precious resources: air. As fundamental components of the biosphere, air, climate and the atmosphere unite all living creatures on our planet. As such, air is both a source of sustenance and a natural asset.

At breathe.austria the pavilion itself is the exhibition. It functions as a prototype to address possible future interaction between the natural environment and urban strategies by demonstrating the potential of hybrid systems that integrate nature and technology. The central element is a dense Austrian forest brought together with technical elements in order to create a breathing microclimate. With this oxygen- and carbon-producing core, the pavilion becomes an "air generating station" – the only building on the entire Expo site to withstand the hot Milanese summer without conventional air conditioning. For the project designers, such combinations of natural and technological systems will initiate a paradigm shift in the future.

The pavilion was developed by the interdisciplinary project group team.breathe.austria under the direction of architect, landscape architect and university professor Klaus Loenhart.

Natural performance and integral technology

The pavilion's entire floor area is densely planted with 12 Austrian forest ecotypes, ranging from mosses and shrubs to towering, 12-metre trees. The biodiversity of plants with more than 190 different species creates an intense interplay of light, air and fresh scents. Through technical assistance with fog and fine water jets a unique microclimate is created, creating an intense sensual experience for visitors. From the opening of the Expo Milano in early May onwards the visitors to the Austrian Pavilion can immerse themselves in the fresh atmosphere and can experience theperformance of the forest with all their senses. More than 12,800 perennials, grasses and forest trees have been installed over three months in the highly complex engineered landscape.

In a natural, water-rich forest, cooling occurs through evapotranspiration, meaning the evaporation of water from flora and fauna as well as from the soil and water surface. At breathe. austria, however, the evaporative cooling process is technically augmented. While the pavilion surface area is only 560m2, thermodynamic high pressure misting nozzles are used to activate the total evaporation surface of the pavilion vegetation, amounting to around 43,000m2.

Despite the spatial constraints, breathe.austria succeeds in creating a unique climate zone within the pavilion: a pleasantly cool, fresh atmosphere that invites guests to linger. The effective interplay between nature and technology cools the interior space by 5 to 7°C and supplants conventional air conditioning. The pavilion produces 62.5 kg/h of oxygen – enough for 1,800 visitors. On its surface area of 560m2, breathe.austria achieves the equivalent of a much larger, 3-hectare natural forest. The pavilion serves as a breathing "photosynthesis collector" that contributes to global oxygen production.

The Austrian pavilion is a sensual, experiential site that connects the seemingly irreconcilable– technology and natural diversity – while being climatically active. This system of a "natural climate machine" can act functionally integrated in urban areas at different scales in various metropolitan areas worldwide. The prototype breathe.austria thus aims to act as an intermediary which encourages discourses and ideas towards renewable energy, smart cities, Cradle 2 Cradle, Zero-Carbon and Green-Tech. The contribution breathe. austria is a model for future urban practices. It demonstrates the great potential and importance of communicating the interaction of technology and natural environments, which can inspire countless other projects.□

9 平面/Floor plans

10.11 內景/Interior views

評論

李翔寧：奧地利館是一個面向未來的項目。在極少主義的盒子里嵌入了一個人工的伊甸園。精心設置的游觀路線讓我們從不同方向、高度、視點沉浸在人工氧吧中。“呼吸·奧地利”供給的最概念化的食物：空氣。一個出人意表的概念以一貫始終的單純手法得以實現。自然科技渾然不覺地結合在一起，讓你的想像躍出人工建造的藩籬，飛上云端。

張昕：奧地利館的主題是“呼吸”與“空氣即食物”。同其他全球性話題一樣，一些國家面對“好不好吃”的問題，一些國家面對“能不能吃”的問題。每年采暖季開始前的幾天，中國北方的有識之士更能感受到冷暖與呼吸之間、眼前與未來之間的選擇煎熬。將注意力集中于優質的呼吸感受是極具挑戰的。借助與主題無關的手段（諸如空間和景觀暗示），該館取得了成功。但遺憾的是，作為彰顯國家榮耀而存在的展館，作為選擇回字型平面和高技微氣候組合的“空氣制造廠”，因此回避了呼吸問題也是心理問題，更是區域性問題，且首先是“能不能吃”的問題。

Comments

LI Xiangning: Austrian Pavilion is a future-oriented project. It is an artificial Eden embedded in a box of Minimalism. Its dedicated touring routes indulge us in an artificial oxygen bar from different directions, altitudes and views. Austrian Pavilion provides us the most conceptualized food－the air. This is a concept beyond all expectations, realized through a simple and consistent approach. The harmonious combination of nature and technology was to free our imaginations from the man-made hedges and high up into the sky.

ZHANG Xin: The theme of the Austria Pavilion is "breathing" and "air is food". Like other global subjects, while some countries are facing the question of "delicious or not", others encounter the question of "edible or not". A few days before heating seasons each year, people in North China may better feel the difficulty choosing between warmth and breath, and between the present and future. While it is extraordinarily challenging to focus on qualified breath, the Pavilion is nevertheless a success story through theme-unrelated approaches (e.g. space and landscape). However, it is somehow regretful that the Pavilion, which embodies the national glory of Austria, chooses hollow-square planes and the "air manufacturer" combined by high technologies and micro-climate, which avoids to admit that the question of breath is also the question of psychology, of area, and above all, of "edibility or not".

12 夜景/Night view