涇陽短水準(zhǔn)異常與地震關(guān)系淺析
黃英1, 古云鶴2, 曹建平2
(1.陜西省地震局涇陽綜合地震臺,陜西 涇陽713704; 2.陜西省地震監(jiān)測中心,陜西 西安710068)
摘要:通過對涇陽地震臺短水準(zhǔn)觀測資料和地震關(guān)系分析,認(rèn)為觀測資料對南北地震帶西南方向部分地震有一定映震能力。對影響觀測的問題進(jìn)行初步分析。
關(guān)鍵詞:短水準(zhǔn); 觀測資料; 異常; 映震能力
收稿日期:*2014-05-05
基金項目:地震行業(yè)專項基金(201208009)
作者簡介:黃英(1971- ),女,陜西咸陽人,工程師,現(xiàn)從事地震觀測、資料分析工作.E-mail:503340304@qq.com
中圖分類號:P315.72+5文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:B
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2015.01.0232
Primary Analysis of Relations between Earthquakes
and Short Leveling Anomalies at Jingyang Station
HUANG Ying1, GU Yun-he2, CAO Jian-ping2
(1.JingyangComprehensiveSeismicStation,EarthquakeAdministrationofShaanxiProvince,Jingyang,Shaanxi713704,China;
2.SeismologicalMonitoringCenterofShaanxiProvince,Xi’an,Shaanxi710068,China)
Abstract:Short leveling data from Jingyang seismological station comprise some of the most important information that helps to monitor the Kouzhen—Guanshan fault zone.Several strong earthquakes have struck the surrounding area of Shaanxi Province:the Ninger M6.4 earthquake on June 3,2007,the Lijiang M7.0 earthquake on February 3,1996 in Yunnan,and the Anxian M5.0 earthquake on September 3,1999 in Sichuan.Short leveling data from Jingyang seismological station show varying degrees of anomaly.There was an anomaly decline that lasted for 18 days at a rate of 0.005 mm per day before the Ninger M6.4 earthquake,for 23 days at a rate of 0.005 mm per day before the Lijiang M7.0 earthquake,and for 9 days at a rate of 0.009 mm per day before the Anxian M5.0 earthquake. This study evaluates the ability of short leveling data at Jingyang to predict earthquakes by analyzing the relationship between magnitude,anomaly decline rate,and duration of anomaly decline along with the relationship between magnitude and the duration of the anomaly in cross-fault deformation measurement.To intuitively portray connections among these data,this study clearly indicates anomalies in the data using charts.The data will be used in the experimental formulae of the China Earthquake Administration with other earthquakes, and the results harvested.This study considers that an ability to predict earthquakes will be revealed in the short leveling data of Jingyang seismological station,located in the southwest area of the north-south seismic zone.At the same time,this study discusses how much damage has been caused to the observation environment by the major quarries near the short leveling area and the effect that the arrival and departure of heavy trucks has had on observation data.After summarizing and rethinking the problems of seismic observation,this study gathers together certain experiences for use in future earthquake prediction and makes some suggestions to improve the quality of short leveling observation.
Key words: short leveling; observation data; anomaly; earthquake-reflecting ability
0引言
涇陽短水準(zhǔn)是陜西省唯一的短水準(zhǔn)觀測臺站,短水準(zhǔn)測量橫跨口鎮(zhèn)—關(guān)山斷裂。該斷裂西至口鎮(zhèn),東至關(guān)山,走向EW,南為上盤,北為下盤,傾角40°~75°,長約70 km。斷層形成于早第三紀(jì),第四紀(jì)以來活動性很強(qiáng),下盤已開1 000~1 080 m。該臺的短水準(zhǔn)從1985年開始觀測,已有26年的觀測資料,資料顯示整體向南下滑,下滑速率穩(wěn)定,在汶川地震前后有明顯差異,震前波動較大,震后波動明顯減弱,資料穩(wěn)定,波動幅度0.5~1.5 mm。分析以往資料發(fā)現(xiàn)其對該臺以西5級以上的地震及關(guān)中4.5級以上地震有一定映震能力[1-5]。
1臺基概況
涇陽地震臺位于N 34.73°,E 108.78°,海拔650 m,在鄂爾多斯塊體南部。歷史上曾發(fā)生華縣8級地震;1998年1月5日涇陽4.8級地震震中距該臺僅20 km。涇陽地震臺短水準(zhǔn)建于1983年,位于口鎮(zhèn)—關(guān)山斷裂的西段,橫跨口鎮(zhèn)—關(guān)山斷裂(圖1)。主測線為N1-A段,N1點在北端,石灰?guī)r基點,A點在南,黃土層點,N1-A測線長477 m,高差12 m,北高南低,12個測段。每日往返觀測一次。輔助測線為圖1中的三角環(huán)線,原來每10天觀測一次,后來改為每月觀測一次。

圖1 涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)測線圖 Fig.1 Surveying line of the short leveling at Jingyang station
2震例異常
(1)2007年6月3日云南濘洱6.4級地震前近四個月,涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)日均高差開始出現(xiàn)異常現(xiàn)象。2007年2月26日開始向南下滑(圖2),至3月11日下滑幅度為0.86 mm,此后回升,到3月15日穩(wěn)定到新的位置,異常結(jié)束48 d發(fā)生云南濘洱6.4級地震,異常持續(xù)時間18 d。異常下滑速率0.05 mm/d。

圖2 濘洱6.4級地震前后涇陽短水準(zhǔn)日值圖 Fig.2 Curve of daily mean value of the short leveling at Jingyang station before and after the Ninger M S6.4 earthquake
(2) 1996年2月3日麗江7.0級地震前半個月,涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)日均高差開始出現(xiàn)異常。從1996年1月11日開始向南下滑(圖3),至1月中旬下滑幅度為1.0 mm,此后回升,到2月3日穩(wěn)定到新的位置,異常持續(xù)時間23 d。異常即將結(jié)束時,發(fā)生麗江7.0級地震。異常下滑速率0.05 mm/d。
(3) 1999年9月14日四川安縣5.0級地震前,涇陽臺日均高差開始出現(xiàn)異常。從1999年8月29日開始向南下滑(圖4),至8月31日下滑幅度為0.7 mm,此后回升,至9月5日穩(wěn)定到新的位置,異常持續(xù)時間8 d。異常結(jié)束9天后發(fā)生安縣5.0級地震。異常下滑速率0.09 mm/d。

圖3 麗江7.0級地震前后涇陽短水準(zhǔn)日值圖 Fig.3 Curve of daily mean value of the short leveling at Jingyang station before and after the Lijiang M S7.0 earthquake
3震級與異常下滑速率及異常持續(xù)時間的分析
表1為涇陽短水準(zhǔn)觀測資料在3次地震前異常現(xiàn)象分析。由表1可見,地震震級越大,異常下滑速率越小。云南濘洱、云南麗江、四川安縣3次地震分別位于在涇陽地震臺的南部和西部。
4對涇陽地區(qū)跨斷層地殼形變異常持續(xù)時間與震級關(guān)系的分析
根據(jù)中國地震局各專家總結(jié)的“跨斷層地殼形變異常持續(xù)時間與震級的關(guān)系”經(jīng)驗計算公式

表 1 地震與涇陽臺的震中距、異常幅度、下滑速率及異常持續(xù)時間

圖4 四川綿竹5.0級地震前后涇陽短水準(zhǔn)日值圖 Fig.4 Curve of daily mean value of the short leveling at Jingyang station before and after the Mianzhu M S5.0 earthquake
把安縣震級5.0級及異常持續(xù)時間8 d和麗江震級7.0級及異常持續(xù)時間23 d代入式(1)計算得到?jīng)荜柕貐^(qū)跨斷層地殼形變異常持續(xù)時間與震級的關(guān)系式
用式(2)再來反算云南濘洱地震可得到震級為6.56級,與濘洱公布震級6.4級相近,說明涇陽臺測量資料所反映的異常持續(xù)時間受涇陽測量資料年變影響不大。
5結(jié)束語
通過對涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)資料在四川安縣5.0級地震、云南濘洱6.4級地震和云南麗江7.0級地震震前觀測資料分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)震前觀測資料有明顯異常,主要結(jié)論如下:
(1) 涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)測線橫跨口鎮(zhèn)—關(guān)山斷裂并位于南北地震帶中段東側(cè)。南北地震帶及青藏塊體的地震在孕育過程中,由于應(yīng)力不斷積累,口鎮(zhèn)—關(guān)山斷裂在應(yīng)力場的作用下活動性增強(qiáng),在長期向南下滑的趨勢下局部地段會出現(xiàn)短期的蠕動現(xiàn)象,這也許是以上地震前涇陽臺斷水準(zhǔn)出現(xiàn)異常的原因。
(2) 涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)測線附近從2003年以來一直有大型采石場開山放炮采石,測線的一個基點離石場很近,加上幾十噸重的拉石車頻繁運石,可能都對測量資料有一定影響。另外該臺是陜西省唯一的短水準(zhǔn)測線,作為震情會商依據(jù),多設(shè)幾個測點對比效果會更好。
(3) 短水準(zhǔn)直接測量斷層位移,較其他方法而言,測量結(jié)果更加真實、可靠。涇陽臺短水準(zhǔn)資料可為該臺以西一定范圍內(nèi)的震情會商分析提供一定參考依據(jù)。
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