生長調(diào)節(jié)劑對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期出芽及主要碳氮代謝物質(zhì)含量的影響

鐘蕾,鄧俊才,王良俊,袁繼超,鄭順林*(.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,成都630;.四川省眉山市東坡區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣站,四川眉山60000)

生長調(diào)節(jié)劑對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期出芽及主要碳氮代謝物質(zhì)含量的影響

鐘蕾1,鄧俊才1,王良俊2,袁繼超1,鄭順林1*
(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/農(nóng)業(yè)部西南作物生理生態(tài)與耕作重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,成都611130;2.四川省眉山市東坡區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣站,四川眉山620000)

摘要為深入了解在不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理下馬鈴薯的休眠生理變化,本研究以西南主栽馬鈴薯品種“川芋117”為供試材料,分別用抑芽劑氯苯胺靈(chlorpropham,CIPC)、脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和促芽劑赤霉素(gibberellin A3,GA3)浸泡處理其塊莖,研究生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理下馬鈴薯貯藏過程中芽生長情況及塊莖主要碳氮代謝物質(zhì)含量變化.結(jié)果表明:GA3處理可使馬鈴薯提前完成休眠,休眠強(qiáng)度與休眠幅度的時(shí)間分別較對(duì)照(CK)縮短17 d和11 d,發(fā)芽后芽較纖弱但生長較快;ABA處理延長了塊莖的休眠,休眠強(qiáng)度較CK增加6 d,而休眠幅度較CK縮短11 d,解除休眠后芽較粗壯,生長快且整齊;而CIPC延長休眠的效果更顯著,處理70 d后塊莖才開始發(fā)芽,萌發(fā)期較對(duì)照至少延長40 d以上.不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理的塊莖在貯藏期碳氮代謝規(guī)律相同,但變化幅度不同.處理12周后,GA3、ABA和CIPC處理塊莖淀粉含量較剛處理時(shí)分別降低13.36%、11.30%和5.93%,可溶性糖含量分別降低48.3%、58.9%和56.1%.各處理塊莖在貯藏期可溶性蛋白質(zhì)和粗蛋白質(zhì)含量均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì),在貯藏前期,GA3、ABA和CIPC處理可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量,較剛處理時(shí)分別上升25.73%、39.68%和31.32%,后期分別降低19.17%、33.22%和17.74%;前期粗蛋白質(zhì)含量較剛處理時(shí)分別上升4.77%、12.5%和12.8%,后期分別降低11.37%、18.02%和8.71%.貯藏期各處理塊莖碳氮比變化不盡相同,促芽劑處理的塊莖碳氮比大,而抑芽劑處理的塊莖碳氮比小,且呈逐漸減小的趨勢(shì).由本研究可知:GA3可使馬鈴薯提前完成休眠,休眠解除后塊莖發(fā)芽迅速,且營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消耗較快;ABA可延長馬鈴薯的休眠,塊莖出芽整齊,后期營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消耗多;CIPC的抑芽效果最強(qiáng),可有效抑制馬鈴薯芽的萌發(fā)及生長,營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消耗少.

關(guān)鍵詞抑芽劑;促芽劑;馬鈴薯;出芽;碳氮代謝

浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(農(nóng)業(yè)與生命科學(xué)版) 42(1):81～88,2016

Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.)

http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr

E-mail:zdxbnsb@zju.edu.cn

第一作者聯(lián)系方式:鐘蕾(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-6905),E-mail:zhonglei1205@163.com

URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160119.1930.012.html

Effects of different growth regulators on germination and main carbon-nitrogen metabolites contents during the storage period of potato tuber.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2016,42 (1):81-88

ZHONG Lei1,DENG Juncai1,WANG Liangjun2,YUAN Jichao1,ZHENG Shunlin1*(1.College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation in Southwest,Ministry of Agriculture,Chengdu 611130,China;2.Agricultural Extension Station of Dongpo District of Meishan City in Sichuan,Meishan 620000,Sichuan,China)

Summary The regulation of dormancy is very essential in the production of potato.To satisfy the demand of ____different sowing dates and to keep high rate of emergence and growth potential in seed potato,it always requiresprolonging or shortening the dormancy stage to guarantee the field emergence.Meanwhile,when potatoes are treated as food,the dormancy period should be prolonged as long as possible to keep the potatoes fresh.Physical and plant growth regulator treatments are two main methods that regulate the dormancy in potato.The physical treatment requires high cost of labor and material resources,while the plant growth regulator treatment has advantages of convenience and cost saving over the physical treatment.The conventional plant growth regulators were used to adjust the plant dormancy including sprouting inhibitors chlorpropham(CIPC),abscisic acid(ABA),and sprouting promoter gibberellin A3(GA3).There were numerous reports about the regulating effects of these regulators,but only a few investigations have been done to compare the regulating effects of these regulators on potato.

To comprehensively study the effects of different growth regulators on the germination and main carbonnitrogen metabolites contents of potato during storage,a laboratory experiment was conducted from May to August in 2014.The potato cultivar“Chuanyu-117”was used in this research.Potato tubers were dipped in aqueous solutions of CIPC,ABA and GA3with efficacious concentrations for 30 minutes,respectively.The results indicated that GA3could release potato dormancy in advance,and the intensity and amplitude of tubers dormancy,when treated with GA3,reduced by 17 days and 11 days,respectively,the length/diameter ratio of bud was much higher than that of control(CK),showing that GA3could accelerate potato tubers germination and bud growth.Whereas,ABA significantly prolonged the dormancy,the dormancy amplitude reduced by 11 days but the dormancy intensity increased by 6 days,and the length/diameter ratio of bud was lower than that of CK,which showed that ABA could accelerate the speed,vigor and uniformity of bud growth after germination.The CIPC had a more obviously suppressive effect with a 70-day interval between the beginning of treatment and germination,and the germination period was also expanded to at least 40 days in contrast with CK.The change regulations of carbon-nitrogen metabolites contents in different treatments were the same,but the degrees of changes were quite different.The starch contents of potatoes treated with GA3,ABA and CIPC for 12 weeks reduced by 13.36%,11.30% and 5.93%,respectively;while the soluble sugar contents reduced by 48.3%,58.9% and 56.1%,respectively,when compared with those of the beginning of treatments.Both of the soluble protein content and the crude protein content showed a high-low trend line.The soluble protein content of GA3,ABA and CIPC treatment at the previous time of storage increased by 25.73%,39.68%and 31.32%,respectively,and then reduced by 19.17%,33.22% and 17.74% at later storage period,respectively.The crude protein content of GA3,ABA,and CIPC treatments increased by 4.77%,12.67%and 12.65%at the previous time of storage,respectively,and then reduced by 11.37%,18.02% and 8.71% at later storage period,respectively.The C/N ratio of the sprouting promoter treatment was higher than those of the sprouting inhibitor treatments,and all of them showed a downward tendency.

In conclusion,GA3could release the dormancy of potato in advance,the bud grew faster and the carbonnitrogen metabolism activity was strong.Whereas,CIPC could prolong the dormancy period and inhibit the bud growth,the carbon-nitrogen metabolism activity of potato tuber was weak and the nutrient consumption was also less.ABA also prolonged the dormancy period but enhanced the germination uniformity and bud growth and the carbon-nitrogen metabolism activity after germination was strong.

Key words sprouting inhibitors;sprouting promoter;potato tuber;germination;carbon-nitrogen metabolism

馬鈴薯作為世界第四大糧食作物,具有良好的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,廣泛應(yīng)用于食品工業(yè)、淀粉工業(yè)、飼料工業(yè)和醫(yī)藥工業(yè)[1].馬鈴薯塊莖作為繁殖器官和營養(yǎng)器官,其貯藏是馬鈴薯產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一,種薯的質(zhì)量影響著馬鈴薯播種后的生長狀況及產(chǎn)量的形成,而商品薯的質(zhì)量則直接關(guān)乎經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[2-3].收獲后的馬鈴薯在貯藏過程中由于休眠程度不一,會(huì)出現(xiàn)塊莖發(fā)芽不規(guī)律、縮水等現(xiàn)象,造成塊莖營養(yǎng)成分流失,營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)、加工品質(zhì)及栽培品質(zhì)下降[4].在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,為滿足不同播期的需要及保證種薯播種后的出苗率、出苗整齊度和生長勢(shì),需要適時(shí)適度打破或延長種薯的休眠,以調(diào)整種薯的休眠期及出芽的整齊度[5],而當(dāng)馬鈴薯作為加工和糧飼用材料時(shí),為了延長塊莖的保鮮時(shí)間,又需要延長其休眠期.因此,馬鈴薯塊莖休眠調(diào)控技術(shù)對(duì)實(shí)際生產(chǎn)具有重要意義.目前,關(guān)于馬鈴薯休眠調(diào)控的研究主要包括物理措施和植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理2方面,前者要求高成本的人力和物力,且所耗時(shí)間長;后者則有方便、直接、節(jié)約成本等特點(diǎn)[6].赤霉素(gibberellin A3,GA3)被認(rèn)為是打破馬鈴薯塊莖休眠最有效的生長調(diào)節(jié)劑,但對(duì)種類、級(jí)別、大小等不同的馬鈴薯塊莖其適宜的使用劑量和處理方法與前人的研究結(jié)果不盡一致[7 8].氯苯胺靈(chlorpropham,CIPC)是一種應(yīng)用廣泛的高效馬鈴薯抑芽劑,關(guān)于其抑芽效果有廣泛的報(bào)道[9 10].脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)被認(rèn)為是誘導(dǎo)休眠的正調(diào)節(jié)因子,可能參與休眠的保持[11],目前在洋蔥等作物上已有過其延長休眠的研究[12],但將其作為馬鈴薯抑芽劑的研究報(bào)道甚少,同時(shí)亦鮮見ABA、GA3和CIPC對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖休眠影響效應(yīng)的對(duì)比研究.本試驗(yàn)以西南地區(qū)主栽馬鈴薯品種“川芋117”為試驗(yàn)材料,深入比較抑芽劑CIPC和ABA與促芽劑GA3對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期間芽的萌發(fā)生長動(dòng)態(tài)和塊莖碳氮代謝的影響,探尋其休眠的調(diào)控技術(shù)及其物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),以期為馬鈴薯塊莖的科學(xué)貯藏與處理提供理論依據(jù).

1　材料與方法

1.1供試材料

供試馬鈴薯品種為西南地區(qū)主推品種“川芋117”;供試試劑GA3、ABA購自成都市科龍化工試劑廠,氯苯胺靈乳油(CIPC含量為30%)為甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貯藏加工研究所研制.

1.2試驗(yàn)方法

馬鈴薯于2014年4月底收獲后,挑選出外觀完好、無機(jī)械損傷、無病害、質(zhì)量為50 g左右的塊莖,將挑選出的馬鈴薯塊莖洗凈平鋪置于通風(fēng)避光處晾干后平均分成4份,放置15 d后分別用質(zhì)量濃度15 mg/L的GA3、稀釋200倍的CIPC乳油(CIPC質(zhì)量濃度為1.5 g/L)、質(zhì)量濃度4 mg/L的ABA浸泡30 min后取出避光晾干、貯藏,以清水浸泡為對(duì)照.每處理6個(gè)重復(fù),每重復(fù)60個(gè)薯塊,將處理好的薯塊裝盒放在陰涼通風(fēng)處(貯藏溫度為18～24℃,相對(duì)濕度為85%～98%).固定3個(gè)重復(fù)在處理后每天觀察出芽并記錄,另外,3個(gè)重復(fù)在處理后0、14、28、42、56、70和84 d進(jìn)行取樣測定碳氮代謝動(dòng)態(tài)變化,105℃殺青整薯30 min,80℃烘干至恒量后粉碎過100目篩后備用于碳氮代謝物質(zhì)含量的測定.

1.3測定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.3.1各處理出芽動(dòng)態(tài)相關(guān)指標(biāo)的定義及計(jì)算方法

參考蒲建剛等[13 14]的方法,測定各處理馬鈴薯塊莖的出芽動(dòng)態(tài),計(jì)算相關(guān)指標(biāo).

發(fā)芽率:以塊莖第一個(gè)芽長達(dá)2 mm為發(fā)芽標(biāo)準(zhǔn),用游標(biāo)卡尺測量芽長及芽粗,發(fā)芽率/% =×100;

萌發(fā)期:塊莖從收獲到發(fā)芽率為10%的時(shí)間,d;

休眠期:將50%馬鈴薯發(fā)芽的日期定為該處理的發(fā)芽期,休眠期為從收獲到發(fā)芽期的時(shí)間,d;

休眠強(qiáng)度:塊莖從收獲到發(fā)芽率為90%的時(shí)間,d;

休眠幅度:發(fā)芽率從10%～90%所需的時(shí)間,d.

1.3.2塊莖主要碳氮代謝物質(zhì)含量的測定方法

可溶性糖和淀粉含量采用硫酸-蒽酮法[15]測定,粗蛋白質(zhì)含量采用凱氏定氮法測定,可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250法測定,塊莖碳氮比(C/N)=可溶性糖含量/可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量[16].

1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Excel 2007、SPSS 20和Sigma Plot 10.0進(jìn)行作圖和分析.

2　結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期出芽率的影響

不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏過程中出芽動(dòng)態(tài)的影響列于表1,從表中可以看出,GA3有明顯的打破休眠的作用,處理后的塊莖萌發(fā)期較對(duì)照提前13 d,休眠期提前20 d,而休眠強(qiáng)度縮短20 d,休眠幅度縮短11 d.表明GA3可以打破休眠,縮短休眠期,并在一定程度上提高發(fā)芽的集中度和整齊度.與GA3相反,ABA有一定延長休眠的作用,萌發(fā)期和休眠期分別較對(duì)照推遲約15 d和4 d,休眠強(qiáng)度延長6 d,但休眠幅度較對(duì)照則縮短11 d,表明ABA具有顯著的抑芽效果,可適當(dāng)?shù)匮娱L馬鈴薯的休眠,且可較大幅度提高發(fā)芽的整齊度.而CIPC的抑芽效果更顯著,處理后的塊莖70 d才開始發(fā)芽,處理84 d發(fā)芽率仍不足5%,萌發(fā)期較對(duì)照至少延遲40 d以上.

3種生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖的萌發(fā)過程亦有顯著影響,從圖1可以看出,GA3和CK處理的馬鈴薯塊莖萌芽進(jìn)程為慢—快—慢,符合邏輯斯蒂函數(shù),發(fā)芽率(y)與處理后時(shí)間(x,以觀察到開始發(fā)芽的前1次觀察時(shí)間為起點(diǎn))的回歸方程分別為yGA3= 97.67/(1+e-0.1993x+8.520)(R2=0.995 8**)和yCK= 118.22/(1+e-0.0929x+6.048)(R2=0.979 1**),而ABA處理芽的萌發(fā)進(jìn)程則更符合線性關(guān)系,回歸方程為yABA=3.547 6x-193.66(R2=0.979 4**).

2.2不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期芽長和芽粗動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響

由圖2可看出馬鈴薯萌芽即開始迅速生長,萌芽塊莖的平均芽長(y)與處理后時(shí)間(x,以觀察到開始發(fā)芽的前1次觀察時(shí)間為起點(diǎn))之間呈二次函數(shù)關(guān)系,GA3、CK和ABA處理的回歸方程分別為yGA3=0.002 8x2-0.091x+0.51(R2=0.996 3**)、yCK=0.002 8x2-0.210x+3.83(R2=0.989 1**) 和yABA=0.004 3x2-0.440x+11.14(R2=0.986 8*).GA3、CIPC和ABA不僅影響塊莖的萌芽動(dòng)態(tài),還顯著影響芽的生長.GA3和ABA處理各發(fā)芽階段芽長的平均增長率均高于對(duì)照,發(fā)芽率從10%～50%、50%～90%和90%～100%的3個(gè)階段芽長平均增長率,GA3處理分別為0.122 mm/d、0.188 mm/d和0.288 mm/d,CK分別為0.089 mm/d、0.183 mm/d 和0.255 mm/d,ABA分別為0.120 mm/d、0.207 mm/d和0.272 mm/d.雖然GA3和ABA處理的芽長平均增長率均高于CK,但由于GA3處理發(fā)芽率從10%～90%和ABA處理發(fā)芽率從10%～100%階段的發(fā)芽時(shí)間較對(duì)照短,因此這2個(gè)處理該期間的平均芽長約低于對(duì)照,而GA3處理發(fā)芽率從90%～100%階段的發(fā)芽時(shí)間較對(duì)照長,因此至100%發(fā)芽時(shí)其芽長比對(duì)照長3 mm左右.

芽粗生長與芽長的生長不同(圖3),塊莖發(fā)芽后芽粗呈直線生長,GA3、CK和ABA處理塊莖的平均芽粗(y)與處理后時(shí)間(x,以觀察到開始發(fā)芽的前1次觀察時(shí)間為起點(diǎn))之間的回歸方程分別為yGA3= 0.057 4x-1.63(R2=0.988 5**)、yCK=0.050 3x-1.35(R2=0.950 1**)和yABA=0.098 9x-5.38 (R2=0.980 5**),GA3、CK和ABA處理的芽粗平均增長率分別為0.057 4 mm/d、0.050 3 mm/d和0.098 9 mm/d,GA3處理和CK差異不大,而ABA芽粗增長較快,但由于其出芽速度迅速,因此至100%發(fā)芽時(shí)其芽粗仍小于CK和GA3處理.

2.3不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期主要碳代謝物質(zhì)含量變化的影響

由圖4可見,各處理塊莖貯藏期淀粉含量以萌發(fā)期為界限總體呈先增加后減少的趨勢(shì).GA3、CIPC和ABA處理的塊莖淀粉含量分別在處理后14 d、56 d 和28 d左右升至最高,分別比剛處理時(shí)高4.6%、5.1%和2.3%.此后開始下降,各處理降低的幅度不同,GA3、CIPC和ABA處理的塊莖淀粉含量在處理84 d后分別比剛處理時(shí)低13.36%、5.93%和11.30%.在貯藏前期,各處理間塊莖淀粉含量差異不顯著,在處理42 d后才開始出現(xiàn)顯著差異;在貯藏后期,GA3處理和對(duì)照處理間以及CIPC處理和ABA處理間的差異均不顯著,但GA3和對(duì)照處理的塊莖淀粉含量顯著低于CIPC和ABA處理.各處理塊莖可溶性糖含量在貯藏期的變化規(guī)律不同(圖5),GA3、CIPC和對(duì)照處理呈逐漸減少的趨勢(shì),而ABA處理呈先降低后升高再降低的變化趨勢(shì).各處理塊莖可溶性糖含量的降低幅度也不同,在處理84 d后,GA3、CK、 CIPC和ABA處理的可溶性糖含量,分別比剛處理時(shí)降低48.3%、57.5%、58.9%和59.1%.

2.4不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期主要氮代謝物質(zhì)含量變化的影響

如圖6所示,在整個(gè)貯藏期各處理的馬鈴薯塊莖可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢(shì),同一時(shí)期各處理之間的差異不顯著,但促芽劑處理的含量較抑芽劑處理的提前降低,在萌發(fā)期左右時(shí)含量達(dá)到最大值.在貯藏前期,促芽劑GA3處理塊莖的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量整體處于較高水平,升高幅度小;抑芽劑CIPC和ABA處理塊莖的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量一直處于較低水平,ABA處理升高幅度大于CIPC處理.各處理的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量的升高幅度表現(xiàn)為ABA(39.68%)＞CK(35.58%)＞CIPC(31.32%)＞GA3(25.73%).在貯藏后期含量降低幅度表現(xiàn)為ABA(33.22%)＞CK(32.72%)＞GA3(19.17%)＞CIPC(17.74%).

處理后的馬鈴薯塊莖在貯藏期粗蛋白質(zhì)含量的變化規(guī)律與可溶性蛋白質(zhì)相似,亦均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢(shì),但其含量變化幅度較小(圖7).各處理塊莖的粗蛋白質(zhì)含量在萌發(fā)期(處理后28 d左右)升至最高,在生理休眠期CIPC處理粗蛋白質(zhì)含量升高最多,含量顯著高于其他處理.處理14 d后促芽劑處理與抑芽劑處理差異達(dá)顯著水平,但抑芽劑處理之間差異不顯著.此后隨著貯藏時(shí)間的延長,GA3處理與ABA處理差異不顯著,但與CIPC處理差異顯著.在貯藏前期各處理粗蛋白質(zhì)含量的升高幅度表現(xiàn)為CIPC(12.8%)＞ABA(12.5%)＞CK (8.2%)＞GA3(4.77%);在貯藏后期含量降低幅度表現(xiàn)為ABA(18.02%)＞CK(12.5%)＞GA3(11.37%)＞CIPC(8.71%).表明在整個(gè)貯藏期,CIPC處理塊莖積累的粗蛋白質(zhì)含量高,GA3和ABA處理萌發(fā)后粗蛋白質(zhì)含量降低.

2.5不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯貯藏期碳氮比的影響

不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理的馬鈴薯塊莖在貯藏過程中,其碳氮比除ABA處理在處理后42 d左右有所上升隨后逐漸降低外,其余均呈現(xiàn)逐漸降低的變化趨勢(shì)(圖8).不同生長調(diào)節(jié)劑處理對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖的碳氮比影響不一致,在整個(gè)貯藏過程中GA3處理的塊莖碳氮比整體水平較高,而抑芽劑處理的塊莖碳氮比較低,在整個(gè)貯藏期各處理塊莖碳氮比降低幅度表現(xiàn)為CIPC(60.44%)＞CK(58.40%)＞ABA(55.31%)＞GA3(48.99%).但ABA處理在萌發(fā)期左右塊莖的碳氮比突然增加,而發(fā)芽后碳氮比降低幅度低導(dǎo)致在貯藏后期碳氮比較CIPC處理和CK高,從而導(dǎo)致ABA處理的塊莖碳氮比整體降低幅度小.

3　討論

馬鈴薯塊莖在收獲后不能立即發(fā)芽,需要經(jīng)歷一段時(shí)間的后熟和生理休眠期[17].現(xiàn)普遍認(rèn)為馬鈴薯塊莖的休眠開始于塊莖形成期,內(nèi)源激素一直參與了休眠過程的調(diào)控[18-19],適宜的植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑可以調(diào)控馬鈴薯塊莖的休眠.本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明GA3有明顯的打破休眠促進(jìn)萌發(fā)的作用,休眠期和休眠強(qiáng)度分別較對(duì)照縮短20 d和17 d,而且芽在萌發(fā)后生長迅速,但幼芽(苗)比較纖細(xì),芽長和芽粗的比值較大.因此,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中應(yīng)注意煉苗,并及時(shí)播種,適當(dāng)增加底肥用量以培育壯苗.與GA3的作用相反,ABA則有一定延長休眠的作用,處理后馬鈴薯塊莖的休眠期和休眠強(qiáng)度分別較對(duì)照增加4 d 和6 d,但發(fā)芽比較集中,發(fā)芽的整齊度較高,同時(shí)芽長與芽粗的比值較小,幼芽(苗)比較粗壯,有利于培育壯苗.雖然CIPC處理后的塊莖在試驗(yàn)時(shí)間內(nèi)有萌發(fā),但無明顯芽生長跡象,表明CIPC具有強(qiáng)烈抑制塊莖發(fā)芽的作用.CORSINI等[20]的研究表明由于處理后CIPC揮發(fā)或分解等因素,塊莖表皮中的CIPC含量會(huì)逐漸降低,當(dāng)含量低于20 mg/L時(shí)馬鈴薯就會(huì)發(fā)芽,如果在CIPC含量低于20 mg/L之前重新用CIPC處理,塊莖將繼續(xù)保持休眠狀態(tài).KIM等[21]通過將不同濃度CIPC處理后的馬鈴薯塊莖進(jìn)行播種,發(fā)現(xiàn)播種后的塊莖都有不同程度的發(fā)芽,而相同處理不進(jìn)行栽種的塊莖則不發(fā)芽,且CIPC處理濃度越高,處理后的塊莖田間出苗越緩慢,出苗率也低,但最終都有萌發(fā),表明不同質(zhì)量濃度的CIPC處理馬鈴薯塊莖最終均能發(fā)芽.因此在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,生產(chǎn)者應(yīng)該根據(jù)自身需要合理選擇相應(yīng)劑量的CIPC處理薯塊.

馬鈴薯塊莖休眠和萌芽期間內(nèi)部的生理活動(dòng)和物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化會(huì)發(fā)生一系列變化.收獲后的馬鈴薯塊莖會(huì)先木栓化,阻止病菌的入侵及減少氧氣的進(jìn)入,此時(shí)塊莖作為“庫”其生理活動(dòng)主要表現(xiàn)為可溶性營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)如小分子糖類和氨基酸由于合成作用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴蝗軤顟B(tài)的淀粉和蛋白質(zhì).大分子的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)可以起到脫水保護(hù)劑的作用,結(jié)合束縛水以有利于薯塊順利度過休眠期[22].休眠解除后,塊莖轉(zhuǎn)化為“源”,各種代謝活動(dòng)開始加強(qiáng)[23],淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)開始分解為可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白質(zhì),前者為主要的供能物質(zhì),同時(shí)也是重要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)和信號(hào)傳遞物質(zhì)[24];后者為一些代謝酶的組分,同時(shí)因其親水性強(qiáng),可增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的持水力[25].因此,塊莖的非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳氮化合物是重要的代謝和能源物質(zhì),塊莖的碳氮比可衡量生理活動(dòng)的強(qiáng)弱及協(xié)調(diào)程度[26 27].本試驗(yàn)中,供試品種“川芋117”塊莖的淀粉、粗蛋白質(zhì)和可溶蛋白質(zhì)含量均呈先增加后減少的變化趨勢(shì),在處理后14～56 d含量達(dá)到最大,但出現(xiàn)最大值的時(shí)間因處理不同而異.GA3處理后塊莖的生理活性增強(qiáng),淀粉開始分解的時(shí)間早,降解速度快,可溶糖含量高,碳氮比值大.而ABA處理則有相反趨勢(shì),淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)開始分解的時(shí)間較晚,貯藏前期碳氮比較低.楊建昌[28]的研究表明:GA3誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生或激活α-淀粉酶等水解酶不利于淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)的合成和累積,而ABA則可調(diào)節(jié)或抑制一些水解酶的活性而有利于淀粉和蛋白質(zhì)的合成.本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與他們的研究結(jié)果相一致,表明碳氮是GA3和ABA打破或延長塊莖休眠、促進(jìn)或延遲萌發(fā)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ).因此GA3和ABA處理的塊莖發(fā)芽后應(yīng)及時(shí)栽種,避免營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消耗過多造成種薯老化,栽培質(zhì)量降低.CIPC處理后塊莖的生理活性一直處于較低狀態(tài),淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量比較穩(wěn)定,消耗比較少,因此可以作為商品薯的貯藏保鮮劑使用.

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收稿日期(Received):2015-06-29;接受日期(Accepted):2015-10-03;網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期(Published online):2016-01-19

*通信作者(

Corresponding author):鄭順林(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-3477),E-mail:248977311@qq.com

基金項(xiàng)目:國家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012BAD06B0407);四川省育種攻關(guān)配套項(xiàng)目(2011NZ0098-15-5).

DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.06.291

中圖分類號(hào)S 532

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A