章穎,柳光宇
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年輕女性早期乳腺癌診治進展
章穎1,2,柳光宇1,2
摘要:乳腺癌位于女性癌癥發病之首。相較年長患者,年輕乳腺癌有其獨特的臨床病理特征,檢出率較低,預后也更差。個體化、多學科治療對最大化療效,減少不良反應尤為重要;且越來越多年輕女性在關注治療效果的同時要求保留生殖內分泌功能。本文就年輕乳腺癌的診斷篩查方法、綜合治療進展、治療產生的生殖內分泌問題等方面進行綜述。
關鍵詞:乳腺腫瘤;女(雌)性;診斷;治療;綜述;篩查;生殖內分泌
審校者E-mail:liugy123@yahoo.com
隨著乳腺癌發病率的不斷上升,其已成為我國女性癌癥死亡的第二號殺手[1]。多項國內外研究發現,年齡是影響年輕乳腺癌患者生存率的獨立預測因素[2-3]。目前,國際上對年輕乳腺癌的定義尚不統一,界定從30歲[4]、35歲[5]到40歲[6],多數研究將年輕乳腺癌的發病年齡斷點設在40歲[6-7]。相較年長患者,年輕乳腺癌患者腺體致密,檢出率低,加之腫瘤生物學行為更為惡性[8-9],因而預后較差[8]。隨著對年輕乳腺癌認識的不斷深入,結合手術、放療、化療和內分泌治療的綜合治療使患者的預后明顯改善。越來越多年輕患者希望在兼顧治療的同時保留生育功能。因此,年輕女性乳腺癌的篩查、治療及其預后和生殖內分泌問題都值得關注,本研究對相關研究進展綜述如下。
年輕乳腺癌患者診斷時往往已出現臨床癥狀,分期相對較晚[10]。美國放射學會(American college of radiation,ACR)建議,鉬靶篩查可用于年齡<40歲、有胸部放療既往史、BRCA突變攜帶或家族史陽性且終生乳腺癌患病風險≥20%的人群,但不應早于25歲[11]。年輕女性乳腺組織較致密,常規鉬靶敏感度不高,腫塊檢出率僅78.5%[12]。國內外多項研究均指出,對鉬靶評估為致密型腺體的患者,加做超聲篩查可提高乳腺癌檢出率[9]。ACR和乳腺影像學會(Society of Breast Imaging)都建議對終生患癌風險>20%的年輕人加做MRI篩查[13]。
2.1保乳手術與全乳腺切除術保乳手術不會降低早期乳腺癌患者的總體生存率[14]。多項病例研究均發現,保乳術后局部復發率隨年齡增長而逐漸降低[15-16],<50歲患者保乳術后同側乳房復發率是≥50歲患者的2倍[17];而在接受全乳腺切除術的患者中,年齡與術后局部復發率無明顯相關性[18-19]。更為惡劣的生物學行為是導致局部復發和遠處轉移甚至死亡的罪魁禍首[15]。目前尚沒有證據表明全乳腺切除術對年輕乳腺癌患者的預后較保乳手術更好。保乳手術對年輕患者而言是可行、安全的選擇。
2.2保乳術后放療保乳術后放療可使局部復發率減半,從而使乳腺癌死亡率下降1/6[20]。但在50 Gy全乳放療的基礎上,瘤床加量能否改善早期乳腺癌生存獲益一直備受爭論。去年,歐洲癌癥治療研究組織(European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer,EORTC)開展的一項中位隨訪時間長達17.2年的隨機對照Ⅲ期臨床試驗(n=5 318)[21]結果提示,T1-2N0-1M0(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)乳腺癌患者接受50 Gy全乳放療后,瘤床加量16 Gy雖不能提高總體生存率,但可降低局部復發風險。其中,≤40歲人群獲益最大(P=0.003),可降低局部復發率11.6%。乳腺癌患者接受瘤床加量放療雖會增加重度肺纖維化的發生率,但在年輕人群中并無統計學差異。中位隨訪時間為8.9年的DBCG-IMN試驗[22]中,腋窩淋巴結清掃術結果為淋巴結宏轉移的患者在接受全乳/胸壁、鎖骨區及腋窩放療的基礎上,加做內乳淋巴結引流區放療可使<35歲患者8年生存率提高3.4%,35~49歲患者8年生存率提高2.7%。
2.3腋窩評估Z0011隨機試驗[23]在為期6.3年的中位隨訪時間里發現,前哨淋巴結1~2個陽性,cT1-2N0M0的保乳患者即使不接受腋窩淋巴結清掃,也不會增加局部及區域復發率。其作者認為盡管<40歲患者局部復發率高于年長患者,但腋窩淋巴結復發并不多見。40歲以下并不是保留腋窩淋巴結的禁忌條件——前哨淋巴結1~2個陽性、cT1-2N0M0的年輕保乳患者仍可免于腋窩淋巴結清掃。我國最近開展的一項包含了5個數據庫的多中心研究(n=658)發現,前哨淋巴結1~2個陽性、cT1-2N0M0的乳腺癌患者與Z0011試驗中免于腋窩清掃組患者的臨床病理特征差異無統計學意義,進一步提示Z0011研究結果同樣適用于中國人群[24]。
2.4對側預防性乳腺切除BRCA基因突變、乳腺癌或卵巢癌家族史陽性的患者接受預防性乳腺切除可顯著降低乳腺癌的發病風險[25]。國外數據顯示,1988年來,乳腺原位癌和Ⅰ~Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者選擇對側乳腺預防性切除術的患者數量增加了1.5倍[26-27]。年輕、受過高等教育的早期乳腺癌患者更傾向選擇對側預防性乳腺切除[28-30]。乳腺切除同時整形帶來的美觀獲益也使得年輕女性更愿意接受這種手術[28]。
既往研究表明,對大多數乳腺癌患者而言,對側乳房第二原發癌的平均發生率僅為每年0.5%~1%[31]。SEER分析提示,70%接受對側乳腺預防性切除的患者實際并沒有較高的該側乳腺發病風險[32]。去年,一項納入14 625例<45歲乳腺癌患者的回顧性研究提出,對側預防性乳腺切除不能為年輕早期乳腺癌或雌激素受體(ER)陰性乳腺癌患者帶來生存獲益[33]。目前尚無證據支持對側非乳腺癌高危風險的年輕女性行預防性乳腺切除可改善預后。我國指南暫不推薦對非高危乳腺癌患者行對側乳腺預防性切除。
他莫西芬用于年輕早期乳腺癌輔助內分泌治療已經不再只有5年。首先,ATLAS研究[34]發現,ER陽性乳腺癌患者服用他莫西芬10年能使復發累積風險和死亡率分別下降3.7%和2.8%,且這種效應在用藥10年后更為明顯,該研究人群中,<45歲患者占19%。隨后,aTTom研究[35]亦證實了該觀點。2014年,ASCO[36]推薦已接受5年他莫西芬治療的絕經前患者繼續使用至10年。目前,國際上正在進行聯合aTTom、ATLAS和其他臨床試驗的回顧性研究,以確定是否存在某組特定患者能從長期服用他莫西芬獲益。
其次,2007年發表于Lancet的Meta分析對卵巢去勢治療應用于<40歲乳腺癌患者的價值予以了肯定[37]。SOFT試驗[38]雖然在針對整個研究群體分析時未得出明顯的生存獲益,但在<35歲(11.5%)患者(其中94%接受了輔助化療)中,5年乳腺癌無復發率在單用他莫西芬組、他莫西芬聯合卵巢去勢組、依西美坦聯合卵巢抑制組分別為67.7%、78.9%和83.4%,差異有統計學意義。此外,在TEXT和SOFT試驗聯合分析[39]中,40歲以下患者占26.9%,充分顯示了芳香化酶抑制劑相對于他莫西芬應用于年輕患者的優勢,但必須同時考慮復發風險和不良反應。最近,EBCTCG發表的Meta分析[40]亦進一步證實了以上觀點:<45歲患者接受5年芳香化酶抑制劑和5年他莫西芬治療的乳腺癌相關事件發生率分別為1.9%/人年和4.9%/人年。相對于他莫西芬,口服芳香化酶抑制劑帶來的復發率降低體現于治療過程中,而非治療結束后。
美國最大的回顧性研究發現,36%的年輕乳腺癌患者因治療而導致暫時或永久性閉經,這意味著年輕女性需要提前面對由此帶來的血管舒縮癥狀、盜汗、性功能下降等圍絕經期癥狀和生育問題[41]。對于年輕女性而言,使用性腺毒性較小的新輔助或輔助化療是較好的選擇[42]。隨著晚婚晚育人群的擴大,妊娠期乳腺癌發病率也有所上升,約占<45歲患者的7%[43]。早期診斷、積極治療對提高其生存率有重要意義。
4.1圍絕經期癥狀及卵巢早衰的改善潮熱是最常見的不良反應,出現于80%服用他莫西芬的患者[44]。性激素阻滯劑亦會產生圍絕經期癥狀[45]。非激素非藥理性治療,以及小劑量的抗抑郁藥、普瑞巴林和加巴噴丁都對圍絕經期癥狀的緩解有所幫助[46-47]。
化療相關性閉經的出現與藥物種類、總劑量、劑量強度、治療持續時間、患者年齡、治療開始前卵巢功能的保存等有關[48],出現概率隨年齡增長而增加。2011年,PROMISEGIM6試驗[49]顯示,化療期間使用促性腺素釋放激素類似物(LHRHa)可使早期絕經前乳腺癌患者卵巢功能早衰的發生率下降17%,其中≤40歲患者占66.5%,但該研究無法評估LHRHa是否有助于卵巢功能的長期恢復[50]。更新的POEM研究[51]證明,<50歲乳腺癌患者化療過程中使用LHRHa能促進化療后卵巢功能恢復且使懷孕率提高1倍,但由于研究過早終止和較高的失訪率,該結果暫未寫入指南。
4.2生育問題對<35歲早期乳腺癌患者而言,治療完成后懷孕、哺乳不會增加乳腺癌復發風險[52],也不會降低生存率[53]。暫時中斷輔助內分泌治療以備生育對預后的影響目前正在Ⅱ期臨床試驗中。一旦確診乳腺癌,生育保存技術應盡快啟動[53]。在美國,大約5%的年輕女性乳腺癌患者在治療開始前保留生育功能,方法包括卵母細胞凍存、體外受精、化療期間服藥保護卵巢等[54]。這些方法各有優缺點,以試管嬰兒和胚胎冷凍最為成熟[52],但實施過程中的激素變化可能會延誤化療時間,從而影響預后。當胚胎或卵母細胞凍存不可行時,不延遲腫瘤治療的卵巢組織凍存值得考慮[55]。LHRHa暫不應作為年輕女性保存生育能力的方法[56]。
4.3妊娠期哺乳期乳腺癌的診治乳腺癌是妊娠期最常見的惡性腫瘤[57]。妊娠相關乳腺癌診斷、分期更晚,預后欠佳[58]。孕前、妊娠期、產后行乳腺檢查可能利于乳腺癌的早期發現[59]。任何新出現于妊娠哺乳期的乳腺腫塊均不應被忽視。B超是妊娠期患者的首選檢查方式[60]。考慮到X線的致畸風險,鉬靶檢查不應用于妊娠前3個月[61]。哺乳期女性行鉬靶檢查前應盡可能排空乳房,使鉬靶上的乳房密度降低,以提高病變檢出率[62-63]。對于實性腫塊,推薦行空芯針活檢而非細針穿刺明確診斷[64]。由于造影劑對胎兒的潛在不利影響,妊娠期患者不推薦用MRI診斷和分期[65]。
現有研究并未證明提前終止妊娠能改善預后,但妊娠早期乳腺癌患者即使有化療指征,也應推遲化療至懷孕3個月以后[57]。妊娠任何階段均可接受手術治療[66]。尚無證據表明單純乳房切除較保乳術更能改善妊娠期患者的預后[67],但保乳術后輔助放療應推遲至分娩后。若妊娠期乳腺癌患者較早完成蒽環類化療,可考慮繼續使用紫杉醇兩周方案,以更好地控制乳腺癌直至分娩[57]。對cN0妊娠期患者行前哨淋巴結活檢可有效避免過度的腋窩清掃[68],且不會對胎兒產生不良影響[69]。對于有重建要求的患者,可在切除腫瘤的同時置入組織擴張器,但應待分娩后再擇期行二期重建(包括自體乳房重建),以求最佳整形效果。
新輔助或輔助化療應在妊娠的二、三階段(孕12周后)進行。妊娠期乳腺癌常用化療方案為蒽環類聯合環磷酰胺。近年來,多項研究均顯示妊娠期使用紫杉醇類藥物不僅不會增加胎兒的不良事件[70-71],還能增強化療效果[72]。因此,紫杉類藥物可被考慮用于對蒽環類耐藥或有禁忌證的妊娠期乳腺癌。內分泌[57]、靶向治療[73]均不推薦在妊娠期應用。
許多乳腺癌臨床研究都針對年輕患者這一群體展開,但由于目前仍無統一的年齡斷點,且多數研究選取樣本僅在特定范圍內有代表性,部分文獻出現矛盾的結果。
常規鉬靶對年輕乳腺癌檢出率和敏感性較低,故不推薦對<40歲無癥狀婦女開展常規篩查。對年輕患者而言,保乳手術加全乳放療以及前哨淋巴結活檢和其他年齡段患者一樣是可行、安全的選擇。對側乳腺預防性切除的價值存在很大爭議,不應作為常規推薦。ER陽性早期患者術后接受他莫西芬治療10年比5年更能降低局部復發率和死亡率。而與單用他莫西芬相比,卵巢去勢聯合他莫西芬,或卵巢去勢聯合依西美坦更有優勢。同時使用LHRHa和輔助生殖技術可以為需要化療的年輕乳腺癌患者保留生育功能提供可能性。妊娠期乳腺癌患者應根據孕周數制定個體化的治療方案。
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(2016-03-24收稿2016-03-28修回)
(本文編輯陳麗潔)
Progress on diagnosis and treatment of early young female breast cancer
ZHANG Ying,LIU Guangyu
1 Department of Breast Surgery,Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center,Shanghai 200032,China;2 Department of Oncology,Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University RevisorE-mail:liugy123@yahoo.com
Abstract:Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women.Compared with older patients,young breast cancer has unique clinicopathological characteristics,with lower detective rate and worse prognosis.Multidisciplinary individual-based therapy is of great significance in maximizing therapeutic benefits,as well as minimizing their side effects.Today more and more young patients are eager to reserve reproductive functions at the same time.This article reviews the progress on screening and diagnostic measures,comprehensive treatments,and reproductive endocrine problems brought by therapies in early youngbreast cancer.
Key words:breast neoplasms;female;diagnosis;therapy;review;screening;reproductive endocrinology
中圖分類號:R737.9
文獻標志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20160219
作者單位:1復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫院乳腺外科(郵編200032);2復旦大學上海醫學院腫瘤學系
作者簡介:章穎(1992),女,碩士在讀,主要從事乳腺腫瘤學研究