鄧晰朝
(河池學院化學與生物工程學院,廣西宜州546300 )
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野雉尾金粉蕨配子體發育及其系統學意義
鄧晰朝
(河池學院化學與生物工程學院,廣西宜州546300 )
摘要:野雉尾金粉蕨為中國蕨科金粉蕨屬植物,而金粉蕨屬的系統位置一直存在爭議。該研究用原生境腐殖土和改良克諾普氏( Knop’s)營養液對野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子進行培養,培養條件為溫度25℃、光照強度2 500 lx、光照12 h/d,在光學顯微鏡下觀察記錄其孢子萌發和配子體發育過程。結果表明:野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子為黃褐色,四面體型,三裂縫,赤道面觀為扇形,具周壁,外壁表面具網狀紋飾。孢子培養7 d后開始萌發,孢子萌發類型為書帶蕨型( Vittaria-type)。孢子萌發后,配子體原始細胞經多次橫向分裂形成3~9個細胞的絲狀體,絲狀體細胞呈圓筒形,壁薄,側壁向外鼓起,含有顆粒較大且數量較多的葉綠體。15 d左右發育為片狀體,片狀體多為匙狀。25 d左右形成幼原葉體,幼原葉體不對稱,配子體發育類型為水蕨型( Ceratopteristype)。在原葉體發育過程中分枝絲狀體非常發達,配子體呈叢狀生長,整個發育過程沒有毛狀體產生。野雉尾金粉蕨的假根為單細胞管狀,偶有分支,內無葉綠體。45 d左右精子器開始出現,精子器頂面觀近圓形,側面觀為近橢圓形或短柱狀。精子器成熟時,蓋細胞裂開,精子逸出。60 d左右頸卵器出現,頸卵器比較大,基部略大于頂部,側面觀呈煙囪狀,頂面觀為銅錢狀,頸部由四列細胞構成。90 d左右發育出肉眼可見的幼孢子體。從研究結果看,其配子體發育的特征與鳳尾蕨科( Pteridaceae)鳳尾蕨屬( Pteris L.)相似,支持金粉蕨屬歸于鳳尾蕨科的觀點。該研究結果為野雉尾金粉蕨系統學研究提供了配子體發育方面的證據。
關鍵詞:野雉尾金粉蕨,孢子萌發,配子體發育,系統學意義
鄧晰朝.野雉尾金粉蕨配子體發育及其系統學意義[J].廣西植物,2016,36( 1) : 96-100
DENG XC.Gametophyte development in Onychium japonicum and its systematic significance[J].Guihaia,2016,36( 1) : 96-100
Gametophyte development in Onychium japonicum and its systematic significance
DENG Xi-Chao
( School of Chemistry and Bioengineering,Hechi Universtiy,Yizhou 546300,China )
Abstract:Onychium japonicum falls into the category of Onychium Kaulf.of Sinopteridaceae; however,the alliance of Onychiumremains controversial.In this study,the spores of O.japonicum were artificially cultured in the original habitat humus soil and improved Knop's nutrient solution in a constant temperature of 25℃with 12 h of light and dark respectively per day and 2 500 lx of light intensity.Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed and recorded at every stage under the microscope.The results indicated that mature spores were tawny,tetrahedral,3-colporate,with fan-shaped equatorial view,perispore and reticulation on the surface of the exine.The germination procedure was Vittaria-type while the gametophyte development was Ceratopteris-type.The spores cultivated in either of the two substrates began to germinate about 7 d and their germination shared the same Vittaria-type.With multiple transverse fission,the original gametophyte cell gradually turned into 3-9 protonemata with cylindrical shape,thin perispore,lumpy lateral exine and numerous granular chloroplasts.After about 15 d,the spores developed into prothallial plates and most of prothallial plates appeare spatulate.book=97,ebook=102And 25 d later,young prothalliums were formed but they were not symmetrical; meanwhile,the gametophytes developed were Ceratopteris-type.When the prothalliums were developing,branching protonemata were flourishing and gametophytes were becoming fasciculate without any trichome.The rhizoids of O.japonicum,occasionally branching and lacking chloroplasts,were unicellular and tubular.After about 45 d,antheridium,composed of a cap cell,a ring cell and a basal cell,emerged from the edge of several irregular prothalliums.When the antheridium became mature,the cap cell split and sperm spilt.The antheridium looked like a circle from the top and an oval or a short column from the side.About 60 d later,a large archegonium was clearly visible.Its base was bigger than the top.It looked like a coin from the top and a chimney from the side.Its neck consisted of four rows of cells.When the archegonium was fully developed,sperm entered and fertilized the egg cell inside.Half a month later,a young embryo could be clearly seen.About 90 d after sowing,the spores developed into juvenile sporophytes which were visible to the naked eye.It could be concluded from the findings that O.japonicum shared similar characteristics with Pteris of Pteridaceae in terms of gametophyte development.Therefore,O.japonicum could be classified into the Pteridaceae family.The study would provide evidence for the phylogenetic study of O.japonicum from the perspective of gametophyte development. Rheum,a highly diversified genus of Polygonaceae,comprising about 60 species,is mainly distributed in the mountainous and desert regions in Asia and Europe.Its high diversification in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas,where approximately 40 species have been described,was suggested to result from the adaptive radiation triggered by the recent uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the quaternary climate oscillations.To further understand the molecular adaptation linked to Rheum radiation,the adaptive evolution of chloroplast ndhF gene belonging to 34 morphologically diversified species of the genus Rheum were tested by using the Phylogenetic Analysis Program in this study.The results showed that the pattern of phylogenic tree was a typical“paralleling”phylogeny,suggesting a radiative diversification.Three amino acid sites ( 188H,465H,551L) of NDHF subunit were identified under positive selection (ω>1),and the secondary structures of NDHF subunit showed that the 188th amino acid was located in the α-helix.The changes of these adaptive sites may be associated with the evolution of NDH to adapt the extreme habitats of Rheum species caused by the extensive uplifts of the QTP and the quaternary climate oscillations.
Key words:Onychium japonicum,spore germination,gametophyte development,systematic significance Rheum ( Polygonaceae),ndhF gene,branch-specific model,site-specific model,positive selection
野雉尾金粉蕨( Onychium japonicum)又名野雞尾,為中國蕨科( Sinopteridaceae)金粉蕨屬( Onychium Kaulf.)植物,在我國廣泛分布于華東、華中、東南及西南;日本、菲律賓、印度尼西亞(爪哇)及波利尼西亞也有分布。生林下溝邊或溪邊石上,海拔50~2 200 m(秦仁昌和刑公俠,1990)。全草有解毒作用,臨床用于治療跌打損傷、燙火傷、疔瘡、胃腸炎、黃疸、便血、痢疾等(丁恒山,1982)。其孢粉學、化學成分研究已有報道(于晶等,2001;李明潺等,2010),但有關配子體發育的研究尚未見有報道。
本文首次對野雉尾金粉蕨孢子進行培養,對其孢子萌發和配子體發育的各個階段進行觀察記錄,為其系統學研究提供配子體發育方面的證據。
1.1野雉尾金粉蕨孢子的采集
所用材料于2013年9月采自桂林七星公園后山。將有成熟孢子的葉片放入自封袋中,帶回實驗室后轉入干凈紙袋內,放置通風處,待孢子自然脫落后收集到牛皮紙袋中,保存在4℃冰箱中備用。
1.2培養方法
用原生境腐殖土和改良Knop’s營養液(趙建成等,2005)對野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子進行培養。
先將原生境腐殖土和碎磚塊分別裝在培養皿中進行高溫滅菌,待其冷卻后分別加入蒸餾水和改良Knop's營養液濕潤,然后將孢子直接播種于培養皿中培養。培養條件:溫度為25℃,光照強度為2 500 lx,光照12 h/d。在孢子萌發、配子體發育各個階段,用光學顯微鏡觀察并拍照記錄。
2.1孢子及萌發
野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子為黃褐色,四面體型,三裂縫,極面觀為鈍三角形,赤道面觀為扇形,具周壁,外壁表面具網狀紋飾(圖版I: 1,2)。孢子培養7 d以后開始萌發;孢子萌發時,外壁開裂,先長出短棒狀的假根,假根白色透明,沒有葉綠體;隨后自裂縫處長出內含葉綠體的細胞(圖版I: 3) ;在這過程中可以觀察到孢子外壁裂為3瓣,最后孢子壁多數宿存于基部。孢子萌發類型為書帶蕨型( Vittaria-type) ( Nayar&Kaur,1971)。兩種基質培養的萌發時間大致相同,萌發類型一樣。
2.2絲狀體
配子體原始細胞經過多次橫向分裂,形成3~9個細胞長的絲狀體(圖版I: 4-6) ;絲狀體細胞呈圓筒形,壁薄,側壁向外鼓起,細胞葉綠體顆粒較大且數量較多,呈鮮綠色。有的絲狀體進行縱向分裂,從一維的線狀向二維生長,出現不規則的分枝狀(圖版I: 7)。有的絲狀體有長短細胞的區別,短細胞呈圓筒形,壁薄,側壁向外鼓起;長細胞呈長圓柱狀。長、短細胞的長度比例懸殊,細胞內的葉綠體分布不均勻且較少,頂端細胞的葉綠體較多(圖版I: 8)。這種絲狀體在改良Knop,s營養液培養中較常見。三種類型的絲狀體假根均分布于其基部,且基部膨大。2.3片狀體

圖版I野雉尾金粉蕨配子體發育 1.孢子極面觀; 2.孢子赤道面觀; 3.孢子萌發; 4-8.絲狀體; 9-12.片狀體; 13.幼原葉體; 14.原葉體階段; 15.成熟原葉體; 16-17.配子體呈叢狀生長; 18.再生現象; 19.原葉體營養細胞; 20-21.假根; 22-23.精子器; 24.頸卵器。Plate I Gametophyte development of Onychium japonicum 1.Polar view of spore; 2.Equatorial view of spore; 3.Spore germination; 4-8.Filament; 9-12.Prothallial plate; 13.Young prothallus; 14.Prothallus; 15.Mature prothallus; 16-17.The cluster prothallia; 18.Regeneration phenomenon; 19.Vegetative cells of the prothallus; 20-21.Rhizoid; 22-23.Antheridium; 24.Archegonium.
在孢子萌發后的第8天左右,片狀體形成。絲狀體頂端細胞不僅橫向分裂,而且縱向分裂,反復橫、縱向分裂形成了片狀體。有的絲狀體在2細胞長時就開始進行縱向分裂,其基部細胞較大呈雙列的絲狀,頂部細胞較小且多;頂部楔形的細胞不斷交叉分裂,使得整體呈片狀(圖版I: 9)。大多數絲狀體長到4~8個細胞后,開始縱向分裂,片狀體前端細胞均處于分裂狀態成為分散生長,而后形成一片無規則排列的細胞,片狀體基部仍維持絲狀體形態,整體成為匙狀(圖版I: 10,11 )。分枝的絲狀體,每個分枝都可以形成片狀體(圖版I: 12)。
2.4原葉體
孢子培養約25 d后,片狀體產生分生組織,幼原葉體形成。當片狀體前端形成寬至6~8個細胞時,在其一側出現凹陷(即生長點),凹陷處細胞呈楔形并且排列緊密,此時由片狀體階段進人了幼原葉體階段(圖版I: 13)。片狀體一側的楔形細胞進行左右交替的斜向分裂,使片狀體向兩側擴展,同時生長點的凹陷處也不斷加深;此時在幼原葉體上可以觀察到叢生的假根,假根由原來的白色透明變成了褐色(圖版I: 14)。隨著分生組織的不斷分裂,最終產生的大型原葉體多為不規則的心臟形(圖版I: 15),在配子體的基部常常會見到分枝的絲狀體(圖版I: 16)。配子體發育為水蕨型( Ceratopteris-type) ( Nayar&Kaur,1971)。
野稚尾金粉蕨的分枝絲狀體非常發達,且基部的絲狀體能持續地發育為片狀體和原葉體,從而使原葉體呈叢狀生長(圖版I: 17)。配子體發育的各時期,都會發生再生現象,即在其邊緣或生長點部位出現形狀不規則的片狀體。原葉體邊緣也能產生新的片狀體,又再產生精子器(圖版I: 18)。原葉體營養細胞呈多邊形,葉綠體分布比較均勻(圖版I: 19),整個發育過程沒有毛狀體產生。
2.5假根
在配子體發育過程中,孢子萌發時首先產生第一條白色透明假根,以后隨著發育的進行,在絲狀體、片狀體的基部、邊緣細胞以及原葉體腹部不斷長出假根(圖版I: 20)。在片狀體的初期假根集中分布于基部絲狀體的細胞上,進入片狀體末期,在靠近片狀體基部的邊緣細胞可以觀察到長而細白色透明的假根;進入幼原葉體階段可以觀察到叢生的假根,且假根由原來的白色透明變成了褐色。野雉尾金粉蕨的假根為單細胞管狀,偶有分支(圖版I: 21),內無葉綠體。
2.6性器官
播種約45 d后原葉體陸續發育長出精子器,但在播種約30 d后,也可以觀察到少數不規則原葉體邊緣出現精子器。精子器多發生于原葉體假根叢深處或不規則原葉體的邊緣(圖版I: 22),數量較多;精子器頂面觀近圓形,側面觀為近橢圓形或短柱狀,由蓋細胞、環細胞和基細胞組成(圖版I: 23) ;精子器成熟時,蓋細胞開裂,精子逸出。有的精子溢出后,卷縮成近球形,靜止不動,幾秒后做旋轉運動;有的精子一溢出就開始旋轉運動。精子借助原葉體表面的水分游動直至頸卵器完成受精。
頸卵器在播種60 d左右出現,一般生長于生長點附近。頸卵器比較大,基部略大于頂部,側面觀呈煙囪狀,頂面觀為銅錢狀,頸部由四列細胞構成,4~5層細胞高(圖版I: 24)。剛開始時數量較少,隨著原葉體不斷生長發育,頸卵器的數量不斷增多。頸卵器發育成熟后,又有新的頸卵器產生。精子進入到頸卵器內和卵細胞結合即可完成受精作用,受精后半個月內即可觀察到幼胚,受精一個月后長成肉眼可見的幼孢子體。
金粉蕨屬約有10種,分布于亞洲熱帶和亞熱帶,非洲僅1種,中國現有8種。本屬可分以下2個自然組:金粉蕨組( sect.Chrysonychium)和野雉尾組( sect.Onychium.),金粉蕨組只有金粉蕨( Onychium siliculosum) 1種,分布于熱帶干旱河谷,野雉尾組有7種,生境不同于金粉蕨(秦仁昌和刑公俠,1990)。
代小菲等( 2010)曾對金粉蕨配子體發育進行過研究,認為金粉蕨配子體分枝發達,成熟配子體呈叢狀,配子體的分枝和簇生習性可能是其對旱生環境的適應。與金粉蕨配子體發育相同,野雉尾金粉蕨配子體也有分枝和簇生習性,但野雉尾金粉蕨的分布比金粉蕨廣,生境較多樣,所以該習性是否是對旱生環境的適應也值得商榷。另外,與金粉蕨配子體發育為專性無配子生殖不同的是,野雉尾金粉蕨配子體能產生正常的頸卵器。筆者認為這種差異可能與金粉蕨只分布于熱帶干旱河谷有關,是其適應特別干旱環境的生殖對策。
金粉蕨屬的系統位置一直存在爭議。于晶等( 2001)通過對中國金粉蕨屬孢子形態的研究認為:本屬孢子形態與中國蕨科其它屬的孢子差別較大,而與鳳尾蕨科( Pteridaceae)的鳳尾蕨屬( Pteris L.)的大部分種的紋飾相近,建議將金粉蕨屬從中國蕨科分出,放入鳳尾蕨科(于晶等,2001)。楊文利和張鋼民( 2005)曾對金粉蕨屬、珠蕨屬和中國蕨科的典型成員中分別選取代表類群,測定了10個種的rbcL序列,結合其他相關類群的序列資料進行系統發育分析,他們認為金粉蕨屬位于鳳尾蕨群這一分支,該屬與鳳尾蕨屬的關系近緣。從分子系統學的角度來看,金粉蕨屬既不屬于中國蕨科,也不屬于珠蕨科,而應歸入鳳尾蕨科(楊文利和張鋼民,2005)。野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子為黃褐色,四面體型,三裂縫,外壁表面具網狀紋飾;孢子萌發類型為書帶蕨型,片狀體多為匙狀,配子體發育為水蕨型;在原葉體發育過程中分枝絲狀體非常發達,配子體呈叢狀生長,整個發育過程中無毛狀體發生;這些特征與鳳尾蕨屬配子體發育特征一致(沈建等,2009;程薪宇和劉保東,2010)。基于野雉尾金粉蕨配子體發育的特征與鳳尾蕨屬相似,支持金粉蕨屬歸于鳳尾蕨科的觀點。
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CLC number: Q941.2Document code: AArticle ID: 1000-3142( 2016) 01-0101-06
Adaptive evolution of the ndhF gene in the genus Rheum ( Polygonaceae)
LI Jing-Jian1,2,LIU He-Xia2,MAO Shi-Zhong2,ZHAO Bo2,3,HUANG Shi-Xun2*
( 1.College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China; 2.Guangxi Institute of Botany,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guilin 541006,China; 3.Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100193,China )
作者簡介:鄧晰朝( 1969-),女,廣西桂平人,碩士,副教授,主要從事植物學教學以及植物系統學的研究工作,( E-mail) hcxydxc@ 163.com。
基金項目:國家自然科學基金( 31460049)[Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31460049)]。
收稿日期:2014-07-27修回日期: 2014-11-28
DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw201404040
中圖分類號:Q949.36
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000-3142( 2016) 01-0096-05