馬 騰 譚秀成,3 李 凌,3 曾 偉,3 金民東
羅 冰4 洪海濤4 胡 平1,2
(1.西南石油大學油氣藏地質及開發工程國家重點實驗室 成都 610500;2.四川省天然氣地質重點實驗室 西南石油大學 成都 610500;
3.中石油碳酸鹽巖儲層重點實驗室沉積與成藏分室 西南石油大學 成都 610500;4.中石油西南油氣田分公司勘探開發研究院 成都 610000)
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四川盆地早寒武世龍王廟期沉積特征與古地理
馬騰1,2譚秀成1,2,3李凌1,2,3曾偉1,2,3金民東1,2
羅冰4洪海濤4胡平1,2
(1.西南石油大學油氣藏地質及開發工程國家重點實驗室成都610500;2.四川省天然氣地質重點實驗室西南石油大學成都610500;
3.中石油碳酸鹽巖儲層重點實驗室沉積與成藏分室西南石油大學成都610500;4.中石油西南油氣田分公司勘探開發研究院成都610000)
摘要基于盆內及其周緣鉆孔取芯和露頭剖面資料,結合區域背景和龍王廟組地層充填厚度分析認為,四川盆地周緣龍王廟期北鄰摩天嶺微古陸和漢南古陸、西接康滇古陸,東南和東北分別為威信—黔江、石阡—秀山—龍山和鎮巴—巫溪—巴東水下古隆起環抱;盆內呈近北東向展布的川中古隆起和閬中—通江坳陷、江津—奉節坳陷構成“一隆兩坳”,南部瀘州—筠連—昭通繼承性坳陷依然存在;盆地及周緣向東北隅和東南隅分別接入秦嶺洋和江南盆地。受此影響,龍王廟期發育連陸碳酸鹽巖臺地—斜坡—盆地沉積體系,連陸碳酸鹽巖臺地構成沉積主體,可識別出混積潮坪、局限—蒸發臺地、半局限—局限臺地和臺地邊緣沉積相類型;進一步通過碎屑巖含量與陸源方向、石灰巖、白云巖和膏鹽巖含量與海域局限性和臺地邊緣相對位置、顆粒巖含量等分析,闡明了龍王廟期巖相古地理展布樣式并建立了沉積模式。結果表明潮坪向海側、水下古隆起、瀘州—筠連—昭通坳陷周緣是顆粒灘有利發育區,樂山和資陽地區經由早寒武世早期的充填拼合作用已形成統一古隆起,震旦紀末期—早寒武世的南北向桐梓—筠連裂陷槽演變為瀘州—筠連—昭通臺內坳陷,研究成果對拓寬龍王廟組灘控巖溶型儲層的勘探領域具有重要的指導作用。
關鍵詞顆粒灘古隆起連陸碳酸鹽巖臺地臺地邊緣相模式古地理格局
0引言
近期,四川盆地下寒武統龍王廟組取得重大突破,提交天然氣探明儲量逾4 400×108m3[1-2],證實了四川盆地寒武系優質的油氣地質基礎條件[3-4]。早年相關研究因地腹資料限制,只能從一些小尺度工作中獲得啟示[5-8],普遍認為中上揚子地區為典型臺地相沉積,上揚子北緣接秦嶺洋,東南緣與江南海盆相通。顯然這些認識對于盆內精細勘探還遠遠不夠。近年盡管龍王廟組儲層研究手段不斷更替[9-10],然而限于現有地球物理勘探技術,針對薄灘型儲層預測尚不成熟。還原到儲層地質學研究,大型古隆起背景、規模化顆粒灘發育仍是川中龍王廟大型氣田形成的關鍵[11],顆粒灘疊加加里東期巖溶改造是龍王廟組儲層形成的重要地質因素[12]。可見,弄清大中尺度古地理格局和顆粒灘平面預測依然是尋找盆內有利儲層區帶的首要工作。
眾所周知,顆粒灘平面展布受同期海平面升降和古地理格局控制[13-14]。對龍王廟期古地理格局的恢復已然成為預測顆粒灘發育的關鍵。在此基礎上,結合沉積相的展布特征,可進一步尋找潛在的顆粒灘發育區和預測規模儲集體。隨著龍王廟組勘探局面的打開,相關探索性研究已逐步深入[15-18],但對于龍王廟期古地理格局、沉積相及顆粒灘平面展布的基本認識分歧仍然較大,如蜀南一帶元古代—早寒武世存在的裂陷槽是否關閉,大型古隆起對優質儲層的形成控制效應[19-23]具體表現在哪些方面,上揚子臺地與秦嶺洋、江南海盆連接部為緩坡還是陡坡,顆粒灘相平面展布規律受何種因素控制。對此類問題認識不清,無疑限制了龍王廟期下一步精細勘探。本次在前人基礎上,綜合曾偉等[24-25]國家重大專項子課題研究成果,依靠盆地及周緣171份鉆孔、區域野外露頭剖面調查資料(圖1a)進行綜合調研、實測踏勘、取樣與論證分析,利用地層充填厚度恢復龍王廟期沉積背景,綜合運用單井和野外露頭巖性、巖相資料識別和劃分沉積相,并通過單因素定量分析恢復龍王廟期巖相古地理,建立相應沉積相模式,希望研究成果有助于拓寬龍王廟組灘控巖溶型儲層勘探領域。
1區域背景

圖1 研究區及鄰區地質背景a.選用單井和野外露頭區域位置;b.研究區所在區域位置;c.中上揚子地區新元古代早期古構造格局(據周小進等[26],略有改動)和龍王廟期主要古陸、古隆起位置(據門玉澎等[38],略有改動)及現今盆地邊界和重要單井、野外露頭位置Fig.1 Geological settings of the study area and its adjacent regions
四川盆地位于揚子地區西北緣(圖1b),為兩組深大斷裂控制形成的菱形構造區。中上揚子地區新元古代主要為西部川滇藏陸塊和東部揚子陸塊構成(圖1c),北部為秦嶺—大別裂陷,南部為哀牢山裂陷包圍截斷,中部成都—昆明一線被龍門康滇裂陷槽南北向貫穿[26]。受強烈拉張作用[27]影響,兩大陸塊逐步下沉,陸殼移離。早寒武世,南北部裂陷帶逐步演化為被動大陸邊緣坳陷盆地[28],中部裂陷槽逐漸閉合,揚子陸塊北緣襄樊—廣濟斷裂以北地區[29]和揚子陸塊東南緣江南斷裂—武陵、雪峰西側斷裂以東地區[30]均呈被動大陸邊緣盆地性質[26]。中上揚子地區屬康滇古地理體系,發育淺水碳酸鹽巖臺地相[8],四川盆地位于康滇古陸東南側,自西向東發育斜坡和盆地相,構成一套完整的古地理單元序列[6,31]。龍王廟期川中隆起和黔中隆起已初具雛形(圖1c),均屬水下古隆起[32]。根據最新國際上關于寒武系地層4統10階的劃分方案[33-34],龍王廟期對應于第四階中上部,與Late Toyonian-Lower Amgan[31]大致相當。區域資料顯示,研究區不同地層小區表現為若干同期異相沉積單元,包括龍王廟組、孔明洞組、清虛洞組和石龍洞組[35],各組垂向巖相組合和演化差異明顯。總體而言,龍王廟期以發育清水碳酸鹽巖沉積為主,局部存在典型蒸發巖相,陸源碎屑供應相對不足。
2龍王廟期沉積背景
綜合龍王廟期地層古生物、巖性及電性特征,對各單井和野外剖面地層厚度進行統一梳理統計。如圖2,盆地西部北到廣元,中抵資陽—綿陽,南達石棉—冕寧一線以西地區遭受廣泛剝蝕,克拉通盆地內部均為連續沉積,呈西北薄東南厚、北東南西向厚薄交互展布,區內地層厚度多介于60~220 m,其中川南瀘州—筠連—昭通,川東重慶、忠縣—云陽厚度普遍較高,多介于340~380 m,核部大于380 m,盆外東北和東南部各存在一處厚度高值區,東北部城口北—鎮坪—巫溪—興山一帶,普遍介于180~220 m,東南部銅仁西—花垣—大庸南一般在300 m以上,核部大于380 m。
前人研究表明,龍王廟期經歷了兩個完整三級海侵海退旋回的二級海侵[36],海水沉積能量恢復對填平補齊作用至關重要。高能海水淘洗和細粒沉積物向低地回流作用致使古海底地勢較低地區地層厚度大于地勢較高地區。據此,可將臺內厚度較小地區劃為水下隆起區,厚度較大地區擬定為坳陷區。如圖2,川中古隆起所在樂山和資陽一帶地層厚度通常在60~100 m之間,厚度呈西淺東深且較穩定,明顯小于非古隆起區的100~300 m,由此可推斷龍王廟期川中地區經由早寒武世早期的充填拼合作用已形成統一的古隆起,上覆于剛性基底之上的古隆起沉積演化是地層厚度相對較小的直接原因。在一個二級海侵期,古隆起無疑為優質顆粒灘發育提供了較好水下高能沉積場所。
南緣瀘州—筠連—昭通一帶仍然存在南北走向地層厚度異常增厚,這與寒武紀初期貫穿上揚子地區的張性裂陷槽未完全閉合[37]是一致的。鄧探1井鉆遇龍王廟組399 m,普遍高于周緣100~200 m,以石灰巖和石膏互層,夾少量白云巖、云質灰巖和灰質云巖的巖性組合特征也進一步印證了這一認識,此時裂陷槽已由深水海槽沉積轉換為淺水臺地坳陷區,同理可推測川中古隆起北部鉆孔和野外露頭稀缺的閬中—通江一帶極可能與南部凹陷具有類似的厚度展布特征。然而,受鉆孔資料鉆遇斷層影響,很難就川東重慶一帶地層厚度進行統計恢復。結合四川盆地普遍存在的蒸發巖相特征[38-40],川東一帶東深1井和臨7井普遍存在的大套膏鹽巖證實了川東海域水體總體受限,鹽度較高,推測其最大地層厚度大于380 m,太和1井鉆遇龍王廟組151 m,泥—粉晶白云巖夾石膏巖的垂向特征也進一步印證了海水受限坳陷帶的存在。
結合龍王廟期區域背景和地層厚度平面展布,可認為四川盆地北鄰摩天嶺微古陸[41]和漢南古陸[42]、西接康滇古陸[43],東南和東北分別為威信—黔江、石阡—秀山—龍山和鎮巴—巫溪—巴東水下古隆起環抱;盆內呈近北東向展布的川中古隆起和閬中—通江坳陷、江津—奉節坳陷構成的“一隆兩坳”,盆地向東北和東南分別接入秦嶺洋和江南盆地。

單井(露頭)序號位置級別單井(露頭)序號位置級別單井(露頭)序號位置級別單井(露頭)序號位置級別1白井溝335安平1井169廟子灣3103岑鞏羊橋22漢源轎頂山236高科1井170花尖山3104松樹埡33林羅溝337高石1井271臺古山3105嵐皋支河34田坪238高石6井172遵義甕家壩2106江西街25白沙溝339荷深1井173漢南3107龍門橋36甘洛波波鄉340螺觀1井174高橋3108東安37敏子洛木341陽深2井275九拱橋3109鎮坪大雄溪38越西碧雞山242磨溪204井176五科1井3110鎮坪39大槽河243磨溪17井177太和1井3111竹溪柳林店210洛烏溝244盤1井278金頂山1112鄂參1井311張村345磨溪202井179茶林3113恩施白果壩312六道河346寶龍1井180三坑3114龍山砂壩313峨眉張山347東深1井281坨田壩2115波羅寨314潮水溪348畢節播扎282十里溪2116三寶315樂山范店149大方施梨283余慶坪桃2117鳳凰七粱316老龍1井150旺蒼母家溝384鎮巴興隆場3118瀘溪興隆場317雪口山351雙匯正源185萬源蒲家2119貴州萬山318窩深1井252天臺386城口石溪河3120鳳凰十八坪319雷波抓抓崖253青木洞387建深1井3121麻陽江口320永善長坪254南江沙灘288利1井3122大紅坊321永善金沙255貴民關389石柱六塘1123艾五坪322對坪256南充1井290石柱2124小當陽323油1井357廣探2井391酉陽小咸3125龍頭溝324資2井158女基井192石界水3126南陽河325資4井159座3井393渤海楊家寨3127建陽坪326威寒26井260臨7井294泥礦山3128廟河327威寒1井161丁山1井295三角木3129長陽兩河口328威寒101井362林1井296毛田3130楊家坪229自深1井263習水土河場197平井3131大庸田坪330宮深1井264潤南298木盆溪3132沅陵王家坪331寧2井265九壩299秀山溶溪3133沅陵涼水井332鎮雄羅坎266馬躍水3100鄧陽坳3134田家坪333高石17井167金沙巖孔1101印江后壩2135懷化花橋334磨溪12井168石塔3102石阡窯上2136隆回大水田3

注:南江沙灘野外剖面引自參考文獻[44]圖3 中上揚子地區龍王廟期混積潮坪典型垂向巖性組合與相序圖(剖面位置見圖1)Fig.3 The representative vertical lithological assemblage and sequence of mixed tidal flat during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region(well/outcrop locations seen in Fig.1)
3龍王廟期沉積相類型及特征
如前文述及,龍王廟期發育臺地—斜坡—盆地沉積體系,臺地相構成四川盆地沉積主體。根據野外露頭觀察、鉆孔取芯和測錄井資料,共識別劃分出混積潮坪、局限—蒸發臺地、半局限—局限臺地,綜合前人研究成果,臺地相遠洋端還存在臺地邊緣相帶。
3.1混積潮坪
常見于盆地西南緣滎經—石棉一線以東、資陽—樂山一線,以及盆地西北緣的廣元—旺蒼—南江—鎮巴—紫陽一線。根據沉積物質和特征的差異,可進一步識別出潮上帶、潮間帶和潮上帶亞相及多種微相類型,包括潮道、潮緣灘、砂坪、云坪、灰坪、泥坪、膏坪及多種混合坪等。按照陸源碎屑與碳酸鹽巖含量和疊置方式的不同,共識別出兩類混積潮坪類型,一類以旺蒼雙匯(圖3)為特征的陸源碎屑夾碳酸鹽巖混積潮坪,主要為灰色石英巖屑砂巖夾薄層弱還原—氧化色的泥巖、灰色砂質砂屑云巖,發育典型的波痕(圖4a)、潮道(圖4b)、平行層理、交錯層理(圖4c)等指示復雜水動能環境的沉積構造。另一類以南江沙灘(圖3)較為典型,發育碳酸鹽巖夾陸源碎屑垂向序列,主要為深灰色云巖、砂質云巖、砂屑云巖夾薄層狀泥質粉砂巖、云質砂巖,自下而上砂質成分逐漸增多,發育脈狀層理、水平層理,底部粉砂巖中發育的對稱波痕指示極淺水動能環境。

圖4 中上揚子地區龍王廟期典型沉積構造與巖性特征a.波痕(野外剖面,七里峽,龍王廟中上部);b.潮汐水道中的砂質鮞粒云巖(野外剖面,七里峽,龍王廟中上部);c.浪成交錯層理(野外剖面,七里峽,龍王廟中上部);d.向上變粗的顆粒灘旋回,逆粒序層理發育(磨溪21井,4 661.78~4 662.11 m);e.泥粉晶云巖中的石膏團塊,現已為白云石充填(單偏光薄片,磨溪13井,4 488.73 m);f.巖溶角礫巖(野外剖面,金佛山,龍王廟組中上部);g.風暴潮破碎的竹葉狀礫屑灰巖,下部為砂屑灰巖(野外剖面,金頂山,龍王廟組中上部)。Fig.4 Sedimentary structures and lithological features during Longwangmiao period in Middle-Upper Yangtze region
3.2局限—蒸發臺地
常見于盆地西南緣布拖—馬邊、盆地中部江津—南川一帶,以發育大量準同生白云巖、蒸發巖類為特征,根據沉積物質和特征的不同共識別出若干類亞相類型,包括局限澙湖、蒸發澙湖、臺內灘、灘間海、風暴巖亞相(圖5)。常見灰—深灰色泥—粉晶云巖的局限澙湖夾白色石膏、石鹽礦物的蒸發澙湖和灰—深灰色顆粒白云巖的顆粒灘,灰—深灰色顆粒白云巖的臺內灘亞相夾同色泥晶云巖的灘間海亞相垂向序列。泥—粉晶云巖類常見水平層理,顆粒巖中以砂屑、鮞粒為主(圖4d),次以核形石、生屑、藻屑常見,發育交錯層理、沖刷面、正粒序(圖4d)和少量逆粒序等。蒸發礦物常呈自形或團塊狀(圖4e),常見膏模孔,常夾風暴序列。盆外常見巖溶角礫巖(圖4f),盆內鉆孔取芯錄井(如臨7井)中見大套膏鹽巖沉積。風暴巖序列通常小于20 cm,表現為中—薄層狀顆粒云巖與低能正常澙湖沉積的泥粉晶云巖、泥云巖、含膏泥粉晶云巖、膏質泥粉晶云巖,底部具有明顯底沖刷面,向上為正粒粒序遞變,礫石無定向雜亂排列。
3.3半局限—局限臺地

圖5 中上揚子地區龍王廟期局限—蒸發臺地典型垂向巖性組合與相序圖(剖面位置見圖1)Fig.5 The representative vertical lithological assemblage and sequence of restricted to evaporate platform during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region(well/outcrop locations seen in Fig.1)
主要分布于昭通—筠連—遵義—正安—道真—黔江—建始,受古隆高地水體包繞,海水循環局部受限(圖6)。整體發育灰色泥晶(灰)云巖和泥質(灰)云巖、泥晶云巖夾顆粒灰(云)巖和風暴成因薄層狀的砂(礫)屑(灰)云巖的風暴巖(圖4g),底部常見灰—青灰色鈣質砂巖、鈣質頁巖、灰—深灰色泥灰巖、鮞粒灰巖夾層,下部泥質含量較高,常見灰色厚層豹皮狀、條帶狀灰巖夾層,黔北地區石阡一帶龍王廟組中上部見約5 m薄層狀灰綠色粉砂—細砂巖,上部厚層狀細晶—中晶白云巖夾層較多,局部地區頂部逐漸變為灰黃色、灰—深灰色砂質、泥質白云巖。半局限—局限臺地具有與局限—蒸發臺地具有較為類似的沉積構造,不同之處在于隨蒸發巖相的缺失,水體逐漸開闊,向東和東南方逐漸由白云巖向石灰巖類過度。
3.4關于臺地邊緣的存在
大量勘探實踐表明,臺緣灘可形成頗具規模的優質儲集體[45-49]。龍王廟期揚子地區典型臺地邊緣相帶的存在問題一直飽受爭議[15,50-51]。鑲邊臺地模式和緩坡臺地模式的不同常表現為沿斜坡帶是否出現規模連片的礁灘相。早年鄭榮才和曾允孚[52]于湘西漁塘地區發現了厚約120~160 m具有相當規模的堤狀藻礁,生物礁明顯受銅仁—大庸深大斷裂帶的控制。近年認為,深大斷裂活動是黔東—湘西地區大量高能顆粒灘、生物礁丘相形成的重要地質因素,銅庸深大斷裂西側上升盤的存在是鑲邊臺地邊緣存在的直接證據[32];另有指出,湘西—黔東地區早期為淺海陸棚—潮下高能帶—潮間帶旋回的緩坡特征,晚期經歷緩坡向淺灘—潮間帶旋回的鑲邊臺地邊緣過度[53]。相比而言,針對上揚子北緣與南秦嶺洋構造帶之間龍王廟組研究相對較少;相關報道認為,該區臺緣灘陡坡沉積特征初現端倪[54-56],晚寒武世陡坡特征更為成熟[56]。就本次地層厚度統計結果(圖2)來看,東北部城口—興山和東南部銅仁西—花垣—大庸南都存在地層厚度異常,分別指示揚子北緣地區南秦嶺大陸邊緣裂谷帶同沉積斷裂[55]和新元古代雪峰—四堡島弧造山帶活動[57],二者厚度異常增厚可能與斜坡進積體與滑塌作用相關,這也可從廣泛發育的暗色石灰巖礦物相、滑揉構造和垮塌等重力流沉積構造得到佐證[6,55,58-61]。如前文所述,東北部和東南部較為相似的古構造背景,暗示二者極可能具有類似沉積組合,均發育潛在規模的臺地邊緣。

圖6 中上揚子地區龍王廟期半局限—局限臺地典型垂向巖性組合與相序圖(剖面位置見圖1)Fig.6 The representative vertical lithological assemblage and sequence of semi-restricted to restricted platform during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region(well/outcrop locations seen in Fig.1)
4巖相古地理
基于野外剖面實地測量、巖芯描述、巖屑錄井和測井解釋成果,對85口單井和野外剖面點進行巖性分類統計,編繪單因素分析圖件,包括淺水陸源碎屑巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖(圖7)、石灰巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖(圖8)、白云巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖(圖9)、膏鹽巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖(圖10)、顆粒巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖(圖11)。
陸源碎屑含量(圖7)包括從陸源區搬運至臺地內沉積的淺水礫巖、砂巖、粉砂巖和黏土巖厚度之和與地層總厚的厚度百分比。如圖7,碎屑巖集中分布于剝蝕線附近西北緣的廣元—旺蒼—南江和西南緣的石棉東—滎經兩處海域。西北緣陸源物質影響范圍相對較高,粒度普遍較大,多為中砂—細砂級,自西向東砂質含量逐漸降低,粉砂質、泥質逐漸增高。西南緣陸源物質影響范圍明顯偏小,以粉砂和泥級為主,至漢源轎頂山一帶陸源碎屑與碳酸鹽巖混積特征逐漸明顯,至窩深1井碎屑巖含量僅12%。海陸過度區的陸源物質展布形態與北東南西向的剝蝕線基本一致,并與地層厚度等值線展布近似相等,表明陸源物質主要來自于西北部摩天嶺微古陸,西南部康滇古陸和北部漢南古陸影響相對較弱。

圖7 中上揚子地區龍王廟期陸源碎屑巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖Fig.7 The thickness content contour map of terrigenous classic rocks to the gross thickness during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region

圖8 中上揚子地區龍王廟期石灰巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖Fig.8 The thickness content contour map of limestones to the gross thickness during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region

圖9 中上揚子地區龍王廟期白云巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖Fig.9 The thickness content contour map of dolostones to the gross thickness during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region

圖10 中上揚子地區龍王廟期膏鹽巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖Fig.10 The thickness content contour map of gypsum and halite rocks to the gross thickness during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region
圖8表明,石灰巖主要集中于盆地外緣,其中西南部昭通—筠連—瀘州、石棉南,東北部鎮巴東—鎮坪—興山北、巴東西和東南部道真—黔江—宣恩—五峰南,銅仁—吉首—沅陵較為富集,盆內除綿陽—南江一帶有少量發育外,石灰巖含量均低于10%。相較而言,白云巖則集中發育于盆地內部(圖9),除馬邊—瀘州—內江、重慶、忠縣—云陽和閬中—通江一帶外,含量普遍大于80%,盆地外緣西南部布拖—雷波—冕寧南、南部遵義南—正安南,石阡東—秀山—大庸、麻陽和沅陵呈片狀展布,北部南江—鎮巴、五峰—建始—興山分別與盆地北部、東部發育區相接。膏鹽巖含量百分比(圖10)顯示,川東重慶—南川一帶最為發育,川北閬中—通江、川東開縣—忠縣和川南馬邊、布拖較為發育,東緣巴東東部發育規模相對較小。石灰巖、白云巖和膏鹽巖平面展布及含量疊加關系表明,盆內以發育局限—蒸發環境的云巖類和膏鹽巖類沉積[38,40],盆地外圍逐步向石灰巖沉積過度,水體逐漸開闊、鹽度趨于正常,指示半局限—局限臺地相。
盆外受諸多因素影響,三大巖類百分比關系存在差異,西北緣和西南緣主要受陸源注入供給影響以陸源碎屑砂和石灰巖類沉積為主;南緣瀘州—筠連—昭通一帶則受裂陷槽基底影響,海水持續循環沖刷,以石灰巖沉積為主;東南緣和東北緣則因繼承性基底斷裂帶的存在,水體循環局部受限,白云巖和石灰巖交互占據。顆粒結構碳酸鹽巖常指示高能界面的存在[13],高能界面受基底底形引起的海水水動能控制[61]。前文述及,上揚子地區龍王廟期極可能存在臺地邊緣高能相帶。研究區東南隅和東北隅淺水巖類欠發育,暗示其向陸側東南緣石阡—思南—龍山—桑植和東北緣鎮巴—興山為臺地邊緣高能相帶。以此為指導,結合古地理背景中水下古隆起相對位置,最終完成顆粒巖含量等值線圖。如圖11,北部綿陽—鎮巴北所處潮坪向海側、樂山—開江所在川中古隆起,川中古隆起東南側北東向的遵義—恩施—五峰南水下古隆起、瀘州—筠連—昭通坳陷周緣一帶為臺內顆粒灘有利發育區,東南緣石阡—思南—龍山—桑植和東北緣鎮巴—興山一帶為顆粒灘發育潛在區域。南緣瀘州—筠連—昭通一帶由于臺內坳陷的存在,致使坳陷區內部為低能沉積,坳陷區東西兩側顆粒灘較發育。

圖11 中上揚子地區龍王廟期顆粒巖厚度/地層厚度等值線圖Fig.11 The thickness content contour map of shallow grain rocks to the gross thickness during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region
基于上述五幅單因素圖件分析,參照前人定量劃分標準[6-7,15,62],針對四川盆地龍王廟期各單因素進行了定量劃分(表2),結合沉積相展布規律定性的研究認識,以及區域其他環境判別標志,編繪中上揚子地區龍王廟期的巖相古地理平面展布圖(圖12)。如圖12,四川盆地及其周緣所在的中上揚子地區,西部冕寧—石棉東—滎經—樂山—資陽—綿陽—廣元以西為古陸發育區,冕寧—樂山西和綿陽—南江地區分別過渡為混積潮坪海陸過度相。向東進入臺地沉積,樂山—開江所在川中古隆起帶發育相當規模的巨型淺灘化臺內灘,川中古隆起西北側的蒼溪—通江—開縣和東南側的瀘州—豐都地區,水體閉塞,發育大套膏鹽巖為特征的局限—蒸發澙湖亞相,二者構成蒸發—局限臺地主體。川中古隆起東南側的威信—珙縣—正安—武隆—石柱—恩施東一線,為古隆起東南側近平行排列的水下高地,發育一系列北東南西向的臺內灘帶,其西南部自貢—鎮雄—遵義—正安—道真—黔江—宣恩—云陽—巴東“V”型海域,為水體局部受限的半局限澙湖亞相,二者構成局限—半局限臺地主體。直至東北部的鎮巴—萬源—城口—巫溪—興山和東南部的石阡—思南—龍山—桑植,相變為臺緣灘和臺緣灘間海的環帶狀臺緣帶,分別向東北部鎮巴東—鎮坪—興山北和東南部的銅仁—大庸南相變為灰質和云灰質半深海斜坡。東北隅的平利—竹溪—竹山和東南隅懷化分別過度為秦嶺洋和江南盆地,從炭質板巖、千枚巖等輕微變質巖性可以推測在沉積期,其巖性多為炭質泥和泥質沉積。
國內外學者曾先后提出了多種碳酸鹽巖沉積模式[63-65],目前得到廣泛采用的是斜坡—臺地沉積模式。綜合龍王廟期沉積背景和巖沉積相帶時空配置關系,總的說來,西部康滇古陸并不活躍,北部受低緩漢南古陸[56]的影響亦十分微弱,僅西北部受摩天嶺古陸局部影響,由陸向海發育碳酸鹽巖與細粒陸源碎屑巖的混積潮坪沉積,盆內仍以清水碳酸鹽巖臺地建造為主,具有典型臺地—陸表海沉積相模式(圖13)。川中古隆起一帶以沉積顆粒云巖的顆粒灘夾泥粉晶云巖的局限澙湖為特色,向東和東南方向逐漸過度為泥晶云巖、膏質云巖(云質膏巖)、膏巖和鹽巖的局限—蒸發澙湖夾顆粒白云巖的顆粒灘,構成一類鹽度較高,水體循環不暢的局限—蒸發臺地相,其中川北和川東坳陷區構成典型的蒸發巖相區,后者蒸發海域特征更強;再向東和南部灰巖逐漸增多增厚,蒸發巖類欠發育,水體趨于通暢,鹽度逐漸正常,連同黔中古隆起北部地區在內的廣大地區以泥—粉晶石灰巖、泥—粉晶白云巖和泥粉晶灰質云巖(云質灰巖)的半局限—局限澙湖夾顆粒白云巖(石灰巖)、顆粒云質灰巖(灰質云巖)的顆粒灘為特色的半局限—局限臺地;東南部和東北部則進入高能臺緣帶,并向兩個方向進一步發育半深海斜坡和深海盆地相。綿陽—鎮巴北、樂山—開江,遵義—恩施—五峰南、瀘州—筠連—昭通,石阡—思南—龍山—桑植和鎮巴—興山可作為顆粒灘發育的有利區帶和有利儲層發育區。
表2單因素分析定量疊加標準一覽
Table 2The quantitative superposition standard for single factor analysis


圖12 中上揚子地區龍王廟期巖相古地理平面展布圖Fig.12 The distribution pattern of lithofacies paleogeography during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region

注:圖中巖性符號與古地理圖中一致。圖13 中上揚子地區龍王廟期沉積相發育模式Fig.13 The sedimentary model during Longwangmiao Formation, Middle-Upper Yangtze region
5結論
(1) 四川盆地所在的中上揚子地區其周緣三面為古陸包繞,北鄰摩天嶺微古陸和漢南古陸、西接康滇古陸,東南和東北分別為威信—黔江、石阡—秀山—龍山和鎮巴—巫溪—巴東水下古隆起環抱。盆內呈近北東向展布的川中古隆起和閬中—通江坳陷、江津—奉節坳陷構成的“一隆兩坳”,樂山和磨溪地區經由早寒武世早期的充填拼合作用已形成統一的古隆起,震旦紀末期—早寒武世的南北向桐梓—筠連裂陷槽演變為瀘州—筠連—昭通臺內坳陷。
(2) 陸源碎屑含量表明,西北部摩天嶺微古陸為主要陸源區,西南部康滇古陸和漢南古陸影響相對較小;石灰巖、白云巖和膏鹽巖含量表明,盆內以發育局限—蒸發環境的云巖類和膏鹽巖類沉積,盆地外圍逐步向石灰巖沉積過度為主,間夾白云巖沉積,水體具有逐漸開闊、鹽度逐漸正常的趨勢。顆粒巖含量表明,綿陽—鎮巴北所處的潮坪向海側、樂山—開江所在的川中古隆起,威信—黔江、石阡—秀山—龍山和鎮巴—巫溪—巴東水下古隆起、瀘州—筠連—昭通坳陷周緣為臺內顆粒灘有利發育區,東南緣石阡—思南—龍山—桑植和東北緣鎮巴—興山一帶為顆粒灘潛在區域。
(3) 中上揚子地區具有典型臺地—陸表海沉積相模式,發育連陸碳酸鹽巖臺地—斜坡—盆地沉積體系,川中地區為局限—蒸發澙湖夾顆粒灘的局限—蒸發臺地相,向東和南部過渡為半局限—局限澙湖夾顆粒灘相為主的半局限—局限臺地相,東南部和東北部進入高能臺緣帶,向兩個方向進一步發育半深海斜坡和深海盆地相。
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Sedimentary Characteristics and Lithofacies Palaeogeography during
Longwangmiao Period of Early Cambrian, Sichuan Bain
MA Teng1,2TAN XiuCheng1,2,3LI Ling1,2,3ZENG Wei1,2,3JIN MinDong1,2
LUO Bing4HONG HaiTao4HU Ping1,2
(1. Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Geology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;
2. The Sedimentary and Accumulation Department of Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoirs, PetroChina,
Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;
3. College of Resource and Environment, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China;
4. PetroChina Sichuan & Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Corporation, Chengdu 610000, China)
Abstrcat: In order to improve the understanding on the sedimentary characteristics and lithofacies palaeogeography in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation of the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent regions, a relative comprehensive analysis on the boreholes and outcrops data were performed. Particularly, by examining the regional geological settings and the thickness distribution pattern within Longwangmiao Fromation, this paper found that the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas are bordered by Motianling Micro-oldland and Hannan Oldland in the north, Kangdian Oldland in the west. In the southeast and northeast regions within the study area, were embraced by underwater palaeouplift named Weixin-Qianjiang, Shiqian-Xiushan-Longshan and Zhenba-Wuxi-Badong respectively. Within the present basin, Central Sichuan palaeouplift, and depressins of Langzhong-Tongjiang, Jiangjin-Fengjie constitute of the palaeogeographic pattern of "one uplift and two depressions", while in the south an inherited depression region named“Luzhou-Junlian-Zhaotong” still existed. To the northeast and southwest corner, Qinling ocean and Jiangnan Basin are connected. Strikingly impacted by the palaeogeographic pattern, a land-tied carbonate platform was found to cover the main body of the Sichuan Basin within the platform-ramp-basin sedimentary system, which may further be divided into mixed tidal flat, restricted to evaporate platform, semi-restricted to restricted platform and platform margin. Furtherly, by analyzing the terrigenous clasts content and its direction, the content distribution pattern of limestone, dolostone and gyprock elucidating the waters localization and the relative locations of the platform margin, and the grain-shoal content, it clarifies the distribution pattern of the lithofacies paleogeography during Longwangmiao period, establishing the sedimentary model successively. The results indicate that, the open ocean side of the flat tidal, underwater palaeouplift and the periphery areas of Luzhou-Junlian-Zhaotong are preferable zones for grain shoal development. The filling and joining during the early stage of early Cambrian results in a unified palaeouplift in Leshan and Ziyang, while the north-south staphrogenic Trough in Tongzi-Junlian during the end of Ediacaran and Early Cambrian turned into the Luzhou-Junlian-Zhaotong depression within the platform. Two depression zones in the south have been verified by drilling holes of Well Dengtan 1 and Well Taihe 1. The results may help to guide and broaden the exploration field of karstificated grain-shoal reservoir study.
Key words:grain shoal; palaeouplift; land-tied carbonate platform; platform margin; depositional model; palaeogeographic pattern
中圖分類號P512.2P534.41
文獻標識碼A
通訊作者譚秀成男教授E-mail:tanxiucheng70@163.com
作者簡介第一馬騰男1987年出生博士研究生儲層地質學E-mail:mateng911991@yahoo.com.cn
基金項目:國家自然科學基金項目(41402126);國家科技重大專項(2011ZX05004-005-03);四川省省屬高校“天然氣地質”科研創新團隊建設計劃[Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 41402126; National Science and Technology Major Project, No. 2011ZX05004-005-03; The Construction Plan For Scientific Research Innovation Team in Provincial Universities for "Natural Gas Geology" in Sichuan Province]
收稿日期:2015-01-19; 收修改稿日期: 2015-03-25
doi:10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2016.01.003
文章編號:1000-0550(2016)01-0033-16