低風險秈型兩用核不育系創制與應用研究

劉建豐 李紹清 肖應輝 鄧化冰 雷東陽

摘 要：兩系雜交稻的推廣面積呈逐年上升的趨勢，因此兩系雜交稻的研究與推廣應用對長期保障我國乃至全球的糧食安全具有重要意義。但兩系雜交水稻大面積推廣過程中發現存在以下問題：（1）有些兩用核不育系育性轉換臨界溫度較高使雜交制種存在較大風險；（2）不育系繁殖時，易受連續高溫的影響，使育性由可育向不育轉換甚至完全不育，導致繁殖失敗，繁殖的風險也很大；（3）一些兩用核不育系因為種子休眠期太短導致穗上發芽而影響雜交種的發芽率，也是限制兩系雜交稻尤其是兩系雜交早稻推廣的重要因素；（4）一些兩系雜交稻組合的稻瘟病抗性及耐逆境的能力較差；（5）大部分兩用核不育系的配合力不強或配組局限性較大。針對這些問題，該研究的主要目的是要選育不僅可以規避制種和繁殖的風險，而且實用性極強的秈型兩用核不育系。研究主要內容：低風險、綜合五性（豐產性、優質性、抗性、適應性和異交性）的兩用核不育系育種技術體系研究；不育系的選育、生物學特性、農藝性狀及配組規律的研究；兩系雜交稻安全繁殖制種計算機氣象決策系統研究；兩系雜交稻新組合的選育。該研究通過2年的實施，完善了水稻兩用核不育系育種技術體系，為我國今后兩系雜交稻的研發奠定了可持續發展的基礎；創制的6個水稻兩用核不育系在稻米品質、抗病（蟲）性和異交性等方面具有突破性進展，具有廣闊的應用前景；育成了具有實際應用價值的雜交水稻新組合12個，其中已有部分雜交稻組合取得了良好的經濟和社會效益；研制了水稻兩用核不育系繁殖制種基地計算機決策系統，降低了兩系雜交稻繁殖制種風險，從而突破了限制兩系雜交稻發展的主要瓶頸。

關鍵詞：水稻 低風險 兩用核不育系 選育 技術體系

Abstract：It is very important of researching on development of two-line system hybrid rice to guarantee the food security in China even in the world because of the rapid increasing application area of two-line system hybrid rice. But there are problems in the popularizing of two-line system hybrid rice to be solved as following：（1）There is high risk for some TGMS lines to be utilized in producing hybrid rice seeds because they are characteristic of high critical sterility-inducing temperature（CSIT）.（2） Some TGMS lines are very difficulty to reproduce seeds because the high temperature during the sensitive period.（3） It is too easy to germinate for the hybrid seeds during Some TGMS lines were utilized in producing hybrid because they had a short dormant period ，which resulted in the bad quality of hybrid seeds.（4）Many two-line system hybrid rice combinations had a bad blast resistance or low adverse resistance ability.（5）The combining ability of some TGMS lines were not perfect or limited in breeding hybrid rice combinations.In order to solve these problems， this study focus on the breeding of dual purpose genic male sterile rice（TGMS lines）with low risk，high-yielding， good quality， resistance， adaptability and Outcrossing . The research contents involved the setting up of breeding technical System， studying of the breeding techniques and basic investing ， development and application of a computer-aided selection system for thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice multiplying site. Throuh carrying out in two years， the research contents were accomplished in time. The breeding technical System of TGMS lines laid the base of sustainable development of two-line system hybrid rice. The newly bred six TGMS lines are of characteristic of good plant type， low CSIT（<23.0℃）， good combining ability， high grain quality， high outcrossing rate and good disease resistances. The newly bred 12 hybrid rice combinations were registered and produced economic benefits.The computer-aided selection system for thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice multiplying site can solve the bottleneck of development of two-line system hybrid rice.

Key Words：Rice；Low Risk；Dual Purpose Genic Male Sterile Rice ；Breeding；Technical System

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