大規模高效液流電池儲能技術的基礎研究

張華民　李先鋒　劉素琴　嚴川偉　曹高萍

摘 要：該研究在前期工作基礎之上，繼續對大規模高效液流電池反應機理、材料的構效關系、材料的組分設計與制備方法、發電、儲電、電能變換、用電多體系的系統耦合和綜合能量管理控制策略等基礎科學理論展開研究，取系列重要研究成果：在膜材料研究方面，突破了傳統的“離子交換傳遞”機理的束縛，完善了原創性的“離子篩分傳導”概念，設計合成出不含離子交換膜基團、孔徑可控的多孔離子傳導膜。突破性的解決多孔離子傳導膜選擇性與導電性的矛盾。創制出高性能、高穩定性、低成本的非氟多孔離子傳導膜，經10 000多次充放電循環考核，電池性能無明顯衰減，驗證了“離子篩分傳導”概念的正確性。從根本上解決了非氟離子交換膜穩定性差的難題。電池結構設計方面，過研究電堆內部極化特性，明確了影響電池性能的關鍵因素。通過材料創新和結構設計創新， 開發出高功率密度電堆。開發出的2 kW電堆的工作電流密度由原來的80 mA/cm2提高到160 mA/cm2。大幅度降低了液流電池的制造成本。提出了大規模液流電池儲能系統模塊化設計理念，開發出不同規模等級的液流電池單體電堆和儲能系統單元模塊，發明了單元儲能系統組合、多系統耦合技術；漏電電流與系統功耗調控技術；儲能系統運行狀態監控、預測診斷與自修復管理控制策略，提高了液流電池儲能系統的能量效率、運行穩定性和安全可靠性。該技術成功應用于全球最大規模的5 MW/10 MW·h液流電池商業化應用系統。

關鍵詞：液流電池 電解質溶液 離子傳導隔膜 電極反應機理 電堆、系統集成 新體系

Abstract：Based on the previous studies， a series of fundamental scientific theories were continually conducted， including the reaction mechanism， property-structure relationship of materials， and component design and preparation method of materials in the large-scale high efficient flow battery， multisystem management and control strategy of system coupling and integrated energy with generation， storage， conversion and consumption， ect. The key achievements were attained as follows. As for membranes， the traditional restriction of the mechanism of “ion exchange transport” was overcame， the original concept of “ion sieving transport” was put forward and radius-tuned porous ion conducting membrane without ion exchange groups was designed and synthesized. The conflict between ion selectivity and ion conductivity of porous ion conducting membranes was successfully resolved. The developed non-fluorinated porous ion conducting membrane with high performance， high stability and low cost ran for more than 10 000 cycles in the charge-discharge cycling test， and no efficiency fade was found， confirming the validity of the concept of “ion sieving transport”. The puzzle of poor stability of non-fluorinated ion exchange membrane was radically resolved. As for the design of battery structure， the key factors that affect the battery performance were clarified via studying the polarization characteristics inside the stack. High power density stack was developed based on the innovation of materials and structural design. The working current density of 2 kW stack increased from 80 mA cm-2 to 160， reducing the cost of flow battery dramatically. The concept of modular design of large-scale flow battery storage system was proposed. A series of technologies were invented， including the combination and multisystem integrated technology of unit energy storage system， regulation and control technology of leakage current and system consumption， and management and control strategy of energy storage system for the monitor of running state， prediction， diagnosis， and self-repairation， improving the efficiency， stability and safety of flow battery storage system. The above technologies have been successfully applied to the world largest 5 MW/10 MW·h flow battery commercial application system.

Key Words：Flow battery；Electrolytes；Ion conducting membranes；Electrode reaction mechanism；Stacks；System integration；New flow battery system

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