再論棕櫚科植物分類與地理分布

黃威廉

(貴州師范大學(xué)　地理與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院，貴州　貴陽　550001)

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再論棕櫚科植物分類與地理分布

黃威廉

(貴州師范大學(xué)地理與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院，貴州貴陽550001)

摘要：棕櫚科植物屬單子葉植物綱。單生或聚生，高大喬木、灌木或無莖，攀援藤本有鉤刺。葉羽狀或掌狀，常很大，全緣或分裂，葉軸常在基部膨大變?yōu)槔w維的鞘。花小，兩性或單性，雌雄同株或異株，成為分枝或不分枝的肉穗花序，為佛焰苞所包，雄蕊通常6枚，子房上位，1—3室，漿果或核果。

該科可分為6個(gè)亞科30族190屬約1800種，為泛熱帶分布的科，廣泛分布于世界的熱帶和亞熱帶濕潤地區(qū)。我國有17屬100種(含變種)，主要分布在華南，西南各省及臺(tái)灣、香港地區(qū)。

關(guān)鍵詞：植物分類，地理分布，棕櫚科

Inflorescence a simple or compound.Spadix enclosed in one or more woody spathes which opon by valves，branching of the inflorescenc may be racemose or even a profusely branched panicle，but in all either the entire in-florescence or each branch of panicle in enclosed by fleshy spathe.Flowers in general are unisexual，bisexual flowers occur in Livistona.Trachycarpus etc，actinomor hic，hypogynous sessile，arranged in close spirals on the inflores-cence axis often female flowers are much large than the male flowers，inGoenomathe two type of the flowers are intermixed while inCocosmale flowers are arranged in the upper and the female flowers in the lower parts of the inflorescence.Phoenix，Cocosetc are polycarpic bearing flowers year after year whereas.Coryphais a monocorpic palm-bearing flowers only once in life.Perianth consists of 6 petals(3+3)，arranged in two whorls or three each，small，somewhat leathery or fleshy，often tough，persistent，outer whorl smaller then the inner，free or fused，yellow，white or green imbricate or valvate，rarely the perianth may be reduced or obsent.Stomens 6(3+3)，in Two whorls of three each，rarely 3 or more then six，infaments free，united at the base into a ring or slightly cohering with the petals.Carpesin female flower 3 free or fused，a solitaly carpel inCocosdevelops due to the abortion of the other two carpels，the presence of three carpels can be indicated by the presence of 3 sutures and 3 round scars on the hard endocarp of the fruit，when syncarpous ovary is usually trilocular，showing axile placentation with a single ovule in each loculus，in Areca catechu the ovary is unilocular，style short，stigma terminal.

Fruit usually a fibrous drupe(Cocos，Areca)or a berry with a fleshy or fibrous covering(Phoenix).Seeds of verying size and shape，with raminate endosperma rich in oil and proteins，seed coat fibrous，hard or mucilliaginous，embryo minute.

The family ranks second only to Grasses in utility.The plants food shelter，clothing and other necessities of life.Some of plants are cultiuated ornamentally along auenues or in the gardens and road sides.

The family are a very natural of considerable geological age，with a very isolated systematic position.The family are divided into 6 subfamily，sach as family 1.Coryphinea subfamily 2.Calamoideae subfamily 3.Nypoideae subfamily 4.Ceroxyloideae subfamily 5.Arecoideae subfamily 6.Phytelephatinae.

The plants are distributed all over the tropics of the hemispheres extending to warm temperate regions.The chief centres of distribution are Indo-Malayam region and Guianas Brazil.

Endemic in both genera and species is exceptionally high and is acempanied by an almost unigue degree of geography isolation.The family is spread over 190 genera and 1800 species.In China the family is represented by about 17 genera and 100 species.The family are distribution over the south-west and south parts and Taiwan，Hongkong regions.

棕櫚科(Palmae)

棕櫚科屬單子葉植物綱(Monocotytedoneae)檳榔目(Crecales)，為常綠喬木、灌木或木質(zhì)藤本。直立單生或叢生，莖表面平滑或粗糙，少數(shù)具刺。殘存有明顯的葉基或葉痕。葉常簇生聚集在莖頂，具攀援莖的種類為散生，全緣，羽狀分裂或掌狀分裂，小葉在芽中內(nèi)向或外向摺疊，葉軸在基部常有張大具纖維的鞘。花小輻射對稱，兩性，單性，雌雄同株或異株，有時(shí)雜性，成分枝或不分枝的肉穗花序，通常大型為1至數(shù)個(gè)佛焰苞所包住，具苞片或小苞片，花萼花瓣常3片，稀為2或更多，合生或離生，雄蕊通常6枚，2輪，稀為3至多數(shù)，藥2室，子房上位1—3室，少有4—7室，心皮三個(gè)離生或合生。槳果或核果，果皮光滑或具梭具刺，或被以覆瓦狀鱗片，種子常1枚，稀2—10，離生或附在果皮上。

棕櫚科植物用途極廣，是世界上著名的三大科之一，僅次于禾本科。……