居住集合體L，萊陽(yáng)，山東，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：匯一建筑

Architects: in:Flux architecture

居住集合體L，萊陽(yáng)，山東，中國(guó)

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：匯一建筑

Architects: in:Flux architecture

1南立面/South elevation

“城市的特征向來(lái)都是由住宅所表現(xiàn)，事實(shí)上如果沒(méi)有住宅的話，城市將不可能存在。”——《城市建筑》，阿爾多·羅西

這是一個(gè)城市住宅項(xiàng)目，它是如此的特殊，一個(gè)帶有明顯時(shí)代特征、地處一個(gè)地級(jí)市中心區(qū)域空置10多年的爛尾樓的改造。這棟舊樓就像是這個(gè)四線小城市的縮影，過(guò)去的10多年中，它一直默默聳立在市中心，被遺棄在時(shí)代的浪潮當(dāng)中。時(shí)過(guò)境遷，新一輪的土地開(kāi)發(fā)爆發(fā)，它再次被記起，因?yàn)樗奈恢煤驮?jīng)寄托于其身的期許。原構(gòu)造物為一建成后從未使用過(guò)的10層辦公建筑，這樣類(lèi)似廢墟的不良資產(chǎn)是高速城市化所帶來(lái)的不可預(yù)期的結(jié)果。對(duì)于它的荒廢閑置，周邊居民用“路沖”等各種“神乎其神”的說(shuō)法去解釋。城市經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展帶來(lái)了大量的住宅需求，業(yè)主期望能在這城市丁字路口空置多年的構(gòu)造物內(nèi)植入新的居住功能，而這也提供了城市未來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)型與發(fā)展的另一種可能。

小戶型的居住單元置入在這15，000m2的混凝土構(gòu)造物中，尺度和功能各異的公共空間穿插于其間。各樓層的公共露臺(tái)的設(shè)置消化了建筑平面不適合居住開(kāi)發(fā)的區(qū)域，而這些位于轉(zhuǎn)角“路沖”處的戶外公共空間也弱化了原有對(duì)于這個(gè)地級(jí)市來(lái)說(shuō)過(guò)于巨大的建筑體量對(duì)城市空間的影響，這個(gè)空間就像舊時(shí)農(nóng)村居住建筑群中的活動(dòng)廣場(chǎng)般，在垂直向度上提供各樓層住戶一個(gè)能發(fā)生多樣活動(dòng)的公共空間。南向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化鋼結(jié)構(gòu)陽(yáng)臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)充分滿足了構(gòu)造的安全性和建造速度的需求，大面寬1.6m的進(jìn)深的陽(yáng)臺(tái)，就像是小戶型室內(nèi)空間的延伸，同時(shí)它也減少了南向直射陽(yáng)光對(duì)室內(nèi)生活空間的直接影響。低樓層的居住單元和城市交接的界面處，在陽(yáng)臺(tái)之外又增加了一層穿孔鋼板，它過(guò)濾了街道活動(dòng)對(duì)私人生活空間的干擾，陽(yáng)臺(tái)在此更像是一個(gè)半戶外的私人空間。透過(guò)公共露臺(tái)和私人陽(yáng)臺(tái)的處理，一種新的生活對(duì)話發(fā)生在建筑和忙碌的城市之間。

在不調(diào)整原有的結(jié)構(gòu)柱網(wǎng)的原則下，8個(gè)居住樓層分割成了3種共244戶居住單元。單元的室內(nèi)規(guī)劃避免了單一功能非停留空間的存在。必要的食、住和清潔等生活機(jī)能，結(jié)合了交通空間，再透過(guò)必要的儲(chǔ)物空間的配置串聯(lián)成為一個(gè)高彈性的生活綜合體，而這些單一功能空間邊界的模糊化處理，使得居住空間整體具備了更多使用功能的自主性和更高的效率。

2改造前外景/Exterior view before renovation

3總平面圖/Site plan

4.5公共露臺(tái)/public terraces

"The city has always characterized largely by the individual dwelling.It can be said that cities in which the residential aspect was not present do not exist or have not existed."

— Aldo Rossi， The Architecture of the City

Housing L is a renovation project of an office building that has been abandoned for more than ten years. The construction of the original building was never completed. Located in a fourth-tier city Laiyang， this kind of non-performing assets is an unpredictable result from the high-speed urbanization in China. Recently， as a series of new real estate development gained impetus， this building came to the sight again because of its location and the expectation from the public. The rapid urban development has brought increasing housing demands. The developer expected to transfer this property into a housing. This strategy provides another possibility for urban renewal and transformation in the future.

Along the main street， commercial spaces are maintained and renovated at the first two floors on the plaza level. The water wall and the landscape create a buffer zone between the street and the new two-story high lobby. Besides adding more elevators and public circulation spaces to satisfy egress and efficiency needs， the folding corner spaces on residential floors were opened up and transformed into public terraces. Directly facing the T-junction of roads， these areas are usually considered bad in terms of Fengshui. They were also not suitable for residential units because of the geometry in plans. These public terraces on residential floors， similar to the traditional squares in the rural villages， serve the tenants with places for neighborhood activities.

Located at the central area of this small city，this ten-story building is considered too massive for its surroundings. To satisfy the need for shading as well as outdoor spaces for living， private balconies are added on the southern and southeastern fa?ades. It is like a veil covering the building that creates a new layer of outdoor living zone in between. It also softens the solid wall behind. Along with the public terraces on each floor， these steel balconies of 1.6m in depth transform this building with cliché decor into an urban living place. perforated metal plates are added to the outside of the balconies at the lower three residential floors to reduce the direct impact from the street traffic. This corrugated surface also brings rhythms of colors variations to the facades under daylight. The balcony fa?ade creates a new dialogue between the building and the city. Without modifying the existing concrete structure， three types of 244 residential units （from 22 to 38 square meters）are placed on eight floors. Through the efficient zoning of living， sanitation area and the storage spaces， the compact layout of the dwelling unit makes the living space more flexible for modern urban living. All functions are clearly defined， and yet the spaces maintain a sense of continuity and cohesiveness.

6公共空間示意圖/public space

7五層平面圖/Floor 4 plan

8七層平面圖/Floor 6 plan

9陽(yáng)臺(tái)/Balcony

10公共露臺(tái)/public terrace

1該項(xiàng)目及周邊區(qū)域此前面臨的突出問(wèn)題是什么？

投資與需求間的落差經(jīng)常給城市發(fā)展帶來(lái)問(wèn)題，城市里爛尾樓或鬼樓的出現(xiàn)也是伴隨著高速城市化所來(lái)的現(xiàn)象。這棟閑置超過(guò)了10年、10層的商業(yè)辦公大樓所占據(jù)的地塊就像是一座隔離于城市日常生活的孤島，一塊地圖上的空白。它原先被設(shè)想為當(dāng)?shù)馗邫n次的寫(xiě)字樓，卻成了城市里工程車(chē)銷(xiāo)售及汽配產(chǎn)業(yè)的集中區(qū)，臨馬路側(cè)已完成的城市綠化帶以及開(kāi)闊的人行道被堆滿了工程叉車(chē)和汽車(chē)零配件，人行道的鋪面由于承受不了大型車(chē)輛的反復(fù)碾壓，早已變得支離破碎，不堪使用，一般城市居民在日常生活中基本不會(huì)從這棟樓前經(jīng)過(guò)。因?yàn)閺U棄造成了它臨街商業(yè)的不合理發(fā)展以及與城市空間連接的斷裂，這種不合理發(fā)展和斷裂又更進(jìn)一步地延續(xù)了廢棄。

2采用了哪些方法解決或改善這些問(wèn)題？

因?yàn)榕R近重點(diǎn)中學(xué)加上周?chē)麻_(kāi)發(fā)的高密度住宅區(qū)和零售商業(yè)，這個(gè)區(qū)域有著典型的文教區(qū)特征。在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目上甲方以改造作為主要的開(kāi)發(fā)策略，并沒(méi)有選擇破壞力較強(qiáng)的拆除和重建。從城市發(fā)展的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，功能的置換減少了投資的重復(fù)與浪費(fèi)，新植入的居住功能也能帶動(dòng)區(qū)塊內(nèi)的商業(yè)發(fā)展和周邊區(qū)域建立更多的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，對(duì)區(qū)域未來(lái)的整體發(fā)

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)/partner Director: 徐千禾/HSU Chien-Ho

項(xiàng)目建筑師/project Architect: 梁幸/LIANG Xing

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: 陳心悅，盧慧嬌/CHEN Xinyue，LU Huijiao

材料/Materials: 鋼筋混凝土，鋼構(gòu)陽(yáng)臺(tái)，穿孔金屬板/RC structure， steel， perforated metal plate

基地面積/Site Area: 1650m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: 15，000m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design period: 2013.09-2013.11

竣工時(shí)間/Completion: 2015.07

攝影/photos: 蘇圣亮/SU Shengliang展有著積極的意義。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)去優(yōu)化現(xiàn)有的臨街商業(yè)和人行空間，讓商業(yè)能夠有條件自我更新發(fā)展，從而將這棟樓重新置于城市居民的日常生活脈絡(luò)中，優(yōu)化的臨街人行道也能串聯(lián)起周邊居民區(qū)與學(xué)校的關(guān)系。城市是一個(gè)隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷發(fā)展的有機(jī)體，都市更新不失為一個(gè)保證城市良性發(fā)展的有效手段，若能透過(guò)增加容積率或其他獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方式鼓勵(lì)這類(lèi)投資，除了能延續(xù)城市公共空間的品質(zhì)外，前期的投資也不至于浪費(fèi)。由于政策上目前并沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措施，單靠私人業(yè)主之力所能達(dá)到的成效還是相對(duì)有限。

3在設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施過(guò)程中最大的困難是什么？如何應(yīng)對(duì)？

整個(gè)過(guò)程中我們面對(duì)的最大困難還是受限于“固有觀念”和當(dāng)?shù)赜邢薜摹吧a(chǎn)力”。由“改”替代“拆”，這種可持續(xù)發(fā)展的思路也還沒(méi)有在城市管理者以及居民心中達(dá)到一定的認(rèn)可度，我們和甲方需要花大量的精力去溝通和推廣。同時(shí)“改”也必須面對(duì)原有建筑現(xiàn)況帶來(lái)的“矛盾”和“誤差”。原建筑物是為辦公使用所設(shè)計(jì)的，功能由辦公轉(zhuǎn)換為居住所帶來(lái)的消防和水暖電的改造是必要的，而原本的電梯數(shù)量也需要增加。而改造后的建筑究竟該如何和城市產(chǎn)生新的對(duì)話，也是必須思考的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。公共露臺(tái)和陽(yáng)臺(tái)的設(shè)置不只是一個(gè)建筑形象改造的策略，從外部植入的生活空間帶給居住者更多的是活動(dòng)空間上的多樣和便利以及和鄰里間互動(dòng)的可能。不同于周邊封閉的住宅小區(qū)有著寬廣的外部綠地作為居住和城市間的中介空間，這棟建筑與城市之間有的只是老舊的城市綠化和人行道。我們?cè)诘玫搅顺鞘泄芾碚叩耐夂螅高^(guò)人行道植栽帶的翻新和增建水池、水墻等方式創(chuàng)建出建筑與城市道路間一層薄而有效的緩沖界面，一個(gè)類(lèi)似于前庭的空間。由于地處一縣級(jí)城市，建筑施工的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和材料的取得相對(duì)有限，也是項(xiàng)目實(shí)施上所必須面對(duì)的。在實(shí)施過(guò)程中我們聽(tīng)取和協(xié)調(diào)多方面的意見(jiàn)，配合施工單位能夠做到的工法，不停地調(diào)整我們的細(xì)節(jié)構(gòu)造方式，在大量的實(shí)踐和溝通下，力求達(dá)到現(xiàn)有條件下能夠做到的最好狀態(tài)。

4通過(guò)此項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)，該地區(qū)的空間品質(zhì)獲得了怎樣的提升？

居住功能的加入，促成了新的商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)發(fā)生的可能，這除了帶給住戶和周邊居民更多的生活便利外，同時(shí)也改善了人行道空間的使用和停車(chē)等問(wèn)題。這個(gè)改造項(xiàng)目的意義不僅只是在修補(bǔ)之上，改造后的空間所帶來(lái)新的活動(dòng)豐富了都市空間，連接起原本斷裂的城市肌理。重新調(diào)整過(guò)的臨街商業(yè)與修改過(guò)的人行空間，讓行人愿意重新行走在這個(gè)原先因堆滿叉車(chē)和零件而被摒棄在日常生活外的街道。

評(píng)論

崔光海：建筑師以良苦的用心把這座典型的四線城市建筑由“開(kāi)發(fā)商風(fēng)格”改造成“包豪斯風(fēng)格”，以精確地設(shè)計(jì)把粗糙的黃涂料、綠玻璃轉(zhuǎn)化成混凝土、鋼材、穿孔版等一系列精致的材料，并細(xì)膩地安排了辦公樓向公寓的功能轉(zhuǎn)變，是提高整個(gè)區(qū)域建筑品味和彰顯設(shè)計(jì)力量的一次重要示范。

林霄：“改”，從來(lái)都不簡(jiǎn)單。建筑與城市的“改”更是如此。

廢棄建筑或爛尾樓的改造，要做到真正的“活”，就不能僅止于“可用”，至少應(yīng)是“適用”，甚至是“實(shí)用”乃至“樂(lè)用”。

住宅的需求更是如此，除去常規(guī)的空間劃分和流線設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)備的更新、氣氛的營(yíng)造，甚至是舊有成見(jiàn)的破除，乃至未來(lái)的運(yùn)營(yíng)模式，都應(yīng)在考慮之列。否則，只是把一個(gè)廢棄的辦公樓改成了一座空置的住宅而已。

通過(guò)物質(zhì)和空間的手法達(dá)成這些目的自然是最好，而接下來(lái)或者首先要考慮的，是否就是針對(duì)類(lèi)似情況可以從物質(zhì)改造到運(yùn)營(yíng)方式推而廣之的整套模式？

Comments

CUI Guanghai： The well-intentioned architect reformed the building from the typical "real estate developer style" in a fourth-line Chinese city to the "Bauhaus style" through using a series of delicate materials like concrete， steel material，and perforated plate， to replace the original rough materials such as yellow paint and green glass via an accurate design. Moreover， hetransformed the function of the building from office to apartment in an exquisite way. The project can be regarded as an important demonstration for promoting the general architectural taste of the area and showcasing the power of architectural design.

LIN Xiao： "Renovation" is never easy， especially when it is the renovation of a building or a city.

To realize a truly "vitalized" renovation of abandoned or unfinished buildings， the design should be not limited be "usable"， it should be "suitable"， or even "practical" and "fun-in-using."

It is especially true for the demand of housing buildings. Besides the regular spatial division and circulation design， the upgrading of equipment， the creation of atmosphere， or even the elimination of original prejudice and the future operation pattern should be considered. Otherwise， the renovation would only be changing an abandoned office building to an abandoned housing building.

It would be optimal if these goals can be achieved via physical and spatial means. And the next question or rather the initial consideration could be whether a promotable pattern starting from physical reform to operation mode could be formed.

11-13內(nèi)景/Interior views

14-16單元平面圖/Unit plans

17標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層陽(yáng)臺(tái)/Typical floor balcony

18低層陽(yáng)臺(tái)單元/Lower units with balcony

Housing L， Laiyang， Shandong， China， 2015