非限制性定語從句中的關系代詞which，as，what

秘力軍

摘 要：關系代詞which，as，what在非限制性定語從句中被廣泛使用，弄懂它們在句中修飾的是什么；它們引導的從句與主句的各種關系以及它們本身在句中的位置和從句中的作用，對正確理解和翻譯原句起至關重要的作用

關鍵詞：which；as；what；d非限制性定語從句；用法；辨析

一、由which引導的非限制性定語從句，which除了代表名詞或名詞短語外，還常可代表前面的形容詞，主句的請語部分或整個分句或主句，甚至前面的一系列的句子；也可在從句中作定語，修飾名詞或相當名詞的其他東西.

which本身無任何含義，僅作代詞，例如：

（1）He is rich，which I am not.

（1）句中which代表前面的形容詞rich。

（2）They say he plays truant，which he doesnt.

（2）句中which代表主句中的謂語動詞。

（3）Things then improved，which surprised me.

（4）Tom married my sister and I married his brother，which makes Tom and me double in-laws.

（3）句中which的先行詞是一個句子，（4）中which的則是兩個相連的句子。

（5）...，which is how the kangaroo came to have a pouch. which指前面省去了的整個故事。

有時，which引出的非限制性定語，which本身在從句中作定語，如：

（6）I called him by the wrong name，for which mistake I apologized.

which所引導的從句常置于句末，偶爾也有放在被修飾的句子之前的，如：

Moreover，which you may hardly believe，the examiners had decided in advance to fail half of the candidates.

二、由as單獨引導的非限制性的定語從句位置靈活，置于句首、句中、句末均可，含插人語性質，除修飾主句外，尚含強調意味，相當于which fact.

（1） As you know，Tommy is the tallest in his school.

（2） To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish.

（3） There will be a meeting this evening，as the teacher had told you.

（1）（2）（3）旬中，as在從句中充當賓語，as引導這樣的從句常見的還有：as you may remember，as l can see，as I have said，as Im told，as we agreed，as you suggest 等。

as的先行詞的情況頗為復雜，大致可歸納為四種情況：

1.代表相關句子的整個概念，如：

（1） As had been said before，grammar is not a set of dead rules.

（2） As was too often the case，he arrived later than the appointed time.

2.代表相關句子中的一種行為（多為不定式短語），如：

（3） It is wrong to think English learning useless，as quite a few persons did before.

（4） To write a dull novel，as any poor writer could do，was unworthy of you.

3.代表相關句子中的一個形容詞，如：

（5） She was not ill，as some of her classmates were.

（6） Tom thought Marys reply correct，as it probably was.

4.代表相關句子中的名詞或名詞詞組，如：

（7） He seems an Englishman，as in fact he is.

（8） Mary wishes to be a TV star，as it is quite possible for her to be.

三、what引導的從句多居句中，也含插人語性質。如：

She wore，what was very uncommon in the country， a scarlet coat.

He happened to be at home and，what was rarer，disengaged.

Its a useful book and，what is more，not an expensive one.

若將as和what引導的從句作比較，就能發現as從句強調的是主句所述是一個眾所周知的事實或一件意料之中的事；反之，what從句卻用以表達對主句所述的意外驚奇和始料不及。

參考文獻：

[1]張道真.實用英語語法[M].北京：商務印書館，1979.

[2]夸克等.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]，1985.

[3]現代高級英漢雙解詞典[M].牛津大學出版社，1970.

[4]高等教育出版社.教材編寫組.《新編實用英語》綜合教程[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2014.

（作者單位：湖南勞動人事職業學院）