多方參與 助力重慶友城合作

□ 文/王英豪（四川外國語大學國際關系學院）

多方參與 助力重慶友城合作

□ 文/王英豪（四川外國語大學國際關系學院）

作為我國中西部地區唯一的直轄市，重慶具有優越的地理區位和便利的交通條件。重慶是國家重點建設的長江上游地區經濟中心，處于“絲綢之路經濟帶”和“長江經濟帶”的交匯處，同時又是西部大開發戰略的重要支撐點，對西部地區的經濟發展與對外開放具有不容忽視的輻射和帶動作用。因此，重慶對外友城工作的開展不僅可以更好地服務于國家外交總體戰略，而且對于中西部地區的發展也具有積極意義。

一、重慶市友城工作的特點

1. 以經濟建設為依托，開展友城交流合作

當前重慶市的對外交流工作側重于經濟合作的引導，通過友城間合作項目的開展來進一步促進技術和人才的交流，使得友城合作有所依托、能夠落到實處。通過與發達國家的城市或其他具有自身特色的城市建立友好合作關系，借鑒其先進成熟的發展經驗，完善城市的基礎設施和服務職能建設，在引進優秀的投資的同時，鼓勵本地企業“走出去”，密切友城間的聯系。

2. 發揚人道主義精神，援助友城抗災救災

隨著我國經濟快速發展和綜合國力的增長，國際地位提高，在參與國際事務中的影響力更加顯著，許多國家對中國的期望也不斷上升。與之相對應，中國城市（包括重慶）在友城交往中也能夠為合作方提供更多的幫扶與救濟，在堅持“平等互利”原則的基礎上，積極為友城抗災救災和城市建設提供力所能及的幫助。2011年10月29日，在了解到友好城市泰國首都曼谷發生的洪澇災害后，重慶市市長黃奇帆致信曼谷市長素坤潘親王，向災區人民表示誠摯慰問。同時，重慶市向曼谷市捐贈500萬人民幣，以援助曼谷人民開展抗洪救災的相關工作。

3. 動員社會力量參與，發揮友城活動作用

在政府專門機構對友城的交流合作活動的組織和安排下，重慶市友城工作在行政系統內部得到了有力的支持，活動的數量和質量得到了較好的保障。對于特定領域的交流項目，重慶市政府還積極尋求高校和社會團體的支持與配合，動員社會力量參與活動的開展與評估，使得友城間的交流合作活動能夠實現其最大價值。

4. 舉辦重要國際活動，增強城市對外影響

重慶市舉辦過多次重要的國際會議，提升了城市的影響力和知名度。2013年7月，重慶舉辦了中國—中東歐國家地方領導人會議，促成簽署雙邊合作協議25個；2014年2月，在重慶召開了“中俄兩河流域合作工作組第一次會議”，為加快中俄非毗鄰地區合作發揮了重要作用；2015年6月，重慶又承辦了亞歐互聯互通產業對話會。

2014年11月，重慶市榮獲第四屆“中法地方政府合作獎”。時任重慶市政府外事僑務辦副主任龍舟發表演講。

二、引入多方參與的效用

隨著國內社區制度逐漸完善，公民進行社會參與的機會增加，開展社會活動的能力提升，形式更加多樣，并且在這種社會參與的過程中，公民的公共精神得到培育，公民性提高。

1. 有助于強化公民意識

當代西方政治學家羅伯特D?帕特南指出：公民共同體的公民身份首先是由積極參與公共事務來標示的—市民對于城市公共事務的自覺也應當通過這種方式培養。在友城工作中引入多方參與，有助于擴大友城活動在市民社會中的影響力，引導市民親身參與力所能及的城市建設與維護活動，進一步提高公民對“城市共同體”這一價值的認同，促使其主動維護城市利益、建設城市形象。

2. 有助于拓展城市宣傳的方式方法

社會團體作為由特定領域內的積極公民組成的共同體，其內部成員間本身具有基于相同或相似價值觀念所產生的信任基礎，更容易采取統一行動，共享某種新的價值觀念。在參與友城交流時，社會團體更加注重技術、理念、知識等層面的文化交流，增進友城之間的理解和認同，更具有延續性和穩定性。

積極開展社會組織的交往，也利于推動重慶對外開放，促進友城市民全面了解重慶，建立更加完善的城市形象，提高城市影響力—一方面有助于國際友人從重慶的立體印象中，提取其基于自身文化背景的興趣點，從而自發自愿地去了解重慶；另一方面在這種交互性的傳播中，我們可以通過友城市民的反饋優化、改良自身的宣傳體系與內容，使其更能為友城市民接受、認可。

3. 有助于建立健全友城互信機制

在多數發達國家中，社會力量作為公民參與社會生活的主要平臺和維護自身權益的主要依靠力量，在民眾心中具有相當高的公信力。通過推動社會力量參與友城活動，一方面有助于國內的社會力量在交流活動中，學習發達國家社會力量的比較成熟的經驗、技能和比較完善的運行機制，推動國內的社會力量功能提升；另一方面也能夠有助于友城活動取得當地民眾的支持和認可，使友城的合作交流項目可以在當地社會力量的配合與協助下進行得更好。

4. 有助于提高社會資源的配置效率

在當前的友城工作中，社會力量通常是間接參與，處于相對被動的位置。通過引入多方參與，能夠提高社會力量的積極性與資源配置效率，發揮其能動性對友城工作進行完善。相對政府機構而言，社會力量的人員構成更加豐富，分布于各種領域；專業素質更高，掌握特定的專業技能；輻射范圍更加廣泛，在各領域內的影響范圍得以擴展。引入多方參與友城活動，最直接的作用就是可以利用其專業知識與技能服務于友城活動，提高友城活動的質量與效果。其次就是可以帶動各行業的人才了解友城，了解友城活動，利用龐大的專業背景來提升友城活動的影響力與號召力，吸引更多人才主動參與友城建設。

5. 有助于拓展友城工作的參與渠道

當前社會參與友城工作的主要方式還是捐獻資金、提供資源（比如設備、場地）等比較基本的形式。通過鼓勵和引入多方參與友城工作，能夠釋放一些積存的社會資源，使得友城工作的參與渠道更加廣泛，參與方式更為多樣化。例如一些專業團體或個人還可以通過承接外包服務、提供專業咨詢等方式來參與友好城市的交流合作活動。

三、多方參與友城工作

國際友好城市間締結的長期合作交往機制為多方參與對外交往活動提供了新的平臺。

1. 健全管理體制機制

在教育、醫療衛生、體育項目、文化設施等專門領域中，重慶市政府應組織成立相應的專門機構，進行統一的指導和管理。這些組織可以只負責宏觀的管理，而不參與其具體事務的運行。通過分派或外包的形式，將具體的交流與合作事務交給專業的社團或個人進行，政府部門只需要做好方向上的領導與管控，通過對活動參與者財務的管控和對組織管理人員的監督等間接的方式推動社會力量的良好運行，既減輕政府的行政壓力，又能夠推動項目運行效率的提高。

2. 搭建資源共享平臺

通過多方參與推動友城之間公共資源的交流與合作，搭建能夠通過技術手段實現的資源共享平臺，如醫療機構、圖書館、博物館等城市公共資源。友好城市在開展經濟合作項目后，盡量為隨行的工作人員提供起碼不低于所在城市的公共福利待遇，保障其基本的生活與發展需求，使友城間的交流合作能夠真正對兩地甚至多地的市民帶來益處。在這個過程中，可以鼓勵社會力量參與對資源的篩選、整合以及后續的技術對接，保障資源共享不會破壞地方生態。完善城市的基礎設施建設，通過借鑒友城的成熟經驗，建設具有重慶特色的現代化城市體系。

3. 加強文化交流

友好城市建立的目的是增進友誼、促進共同發展，經濟合作只是友城合作比較有效的形式之一，文化的交流同樣不可或缺。鼓勵多方參與友城間的交流，優化當前由政府和企業為主導的格局，加大社會力量參與的比重。相對企業間的經濟合作而言，社會力量的交往對于物質條件的要求更加簡單，側重于知識、經驗的交流，更為注重“人”的作用。可以引導友城的社會力量對重慶一些尚不夠開放的區域進行了解。通過承接國際交流活動、學術會議加快基礎設施建設，推動次級行政區域的對外開放，展示友城的獨特風貌，豐富市民的文化生活。

4. 建立地方優勢產業

重慶作為一座山城，城市的空間結構更為立體，可開發的空間更加廣闊，形式更為多樣，是交通、建筑等領域進行創新試驗的理想場地，可以動員社會力量多方參與建立相關的創新孵化基地，形成具有地方特色的技術優勢。更可以以此為基礎開展宣傳活動，組織潛在的社會團體與學術組織參與相關的藝術創作賽事或技術創新展會，既向世界展示重慶，提升城市的知名度；又能夠吸引相關領域的人才來到重慶，豐富城市的文化生活。

在對外友好城市工作中引入的多方參與，并不是粗放式的參與，而是在政府相關政策指導下，配合政府的大政方針進行的細化項目組合。多方參與活動應當盡量建立在合乎規定的體系范圍內，對于現有資源及利用資源開展的活動進行查漏補缺，為政府主導的對外活動提供輔助作用。在政府主導的活動無法兼顧或不能全面實現的領域內，發揮自身優勢，進行功能上的支持。

School of International Relations,Sichuan International Studies University Master graduate student,YingHao Wang

As the only municipality in the central and western regions of China, Chongqing has excellent geographical location and convenient traffi c conditions. It is located at the junction of the Silk Road Economic Zone and the Yangtze River Economic Zone. It is also the central hub of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. That provide a good economic base in foreign cooperation.It is also an important supporting point of the western development strategy, and it can not ignore the radiation and leading role Chongqing play for the economic development and opening to the outside world in the central and western regions. Therefore, the work of Chongqing Foreign Sister City is not only to serve the overall strategy of national diplomacy, but also has positive signifi cance for the development of the central and western regions.

Characteristics of the work about foreign sister city in Chongqing

1. To rely on economic construction, to carry out exchanges and cooperation between the Friends of the city

At present, Chongqing's urban diplomacy focuses on the guidance of economic cooperation and promotes the exchange of technology and talents through the cooperation projects between the two cities, which makes the cooperation between the two cities be carried out. Through the establishment of friendly and cooperative relations with cities in developed countries or other cities with their own characteristics, drawing on their advanced and mature development experience, perfecting the city's infrastructure and service functions, while encouraging the introduction of good investment,to help local enterprises "go out". Close contact between friends.

2. Carry forward the humanitarian spirit, aid friend city disaster relief

With the progress of China's economic development and the growth of comprehensive national strength, the international status has increased, the influence on participating in international affairs has become more prominent, and the expectation of many countries to China has also been on the rise. Correspondingly, Chinese city(include Chongqing) can also provide more assistance and relief to the partners in the friendly exchanges.On the basis of principle of "equality and mutual benefit", the Chinese cities (including Chongqing) actively contribute to the disaster relief and post - disaster reconstruction to provide help within its capacity.October 29, 2011, in that Thailand's capital city of Bangkok after the fl oods, Chongqing Mayor Huang Qifan sent a letter to Bangkok Mayor Sukun Pan Prince, to the people of disaster areas to express his sincere condolences. At the same time, Chongqing City donated 5 million yuan to the city of Bangkok to assist the people of Bangkok to carry out fl ood relief work.

3. Mobilize the participation of social forces, to carry out the excellent activities about sister friends

Under the organization and arrangement of the sister city’s exchanges and cooperation activities by the special government agencies, the work of sister city in Chongqing within the administrative system has been strongly supported, the number and quality of activities has been guaranteed. For specific areas of communication projects, the Chongqing Municipal Government also actively seek the support and cooperation of colleges and universities and social groups, mobilize social forces to participate in the implementation and evaluation of activities so, the exchanges and cooperation between the sister city can achieve maximum of value.

4. Hold important international activities, and enhance the city'sexternal infl uence

Chongqing has held a number of important international conferences, to enhance the city's infl uence and visibility. In July 2013, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jointly held the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Local Leaders' Meeting, which led to the signing of 25 bilateral cooperation agreements. In February 2014, the fi rst meeting of the Working Group on Sino-Russian Mesopotamia cooperation,played an important role in speeding up the cooperation between China and Russia noncontiguous areas.In June 2015, Chongqing hosted the Asia-Europe interconnection industry dialogue.

Effectiveness of the introduction of multi-party participation

With the gradual improvement of the domestic community system, citizens have got more opportunities to participate in social activities and have elevated the capacity to carry out these activities in a diverse way. And in this process of social participation, the public spirit of the citizens get nurtured,the citizenship get improved.

1.Strengthening civic awareness

Contemporary Western political scientist Robert D. Putnam points out that citizenship is fi rst marked by active participation in public affairs, and that public awareness of urban public affairs should be fostered in this way. The introduction of multiparticipation in the work of the Sister City will help expand influence of the activities in civil society.Guiding the public to participate in activities of city construction and protection can further broaden the infl uence in social communities and boost citizens’ recognition of the concept of “city community”, at the same time, which can also promote citizens to safeguard actively the interests of the city and to build its image.

2.Expanding the ways and means of the city propaganda

As a community of positive citizens in a given field, social groups themselves have a basis of trust based on the same or similar values, making it easier to act together and share a new set of values. When participating in the friendly exchange, the social groups pay more attention to the cultural exchange of technology, idea, knowledge and so on.So as to enhance the understanding and recognition between the two cities and make them more sustainable and stable.

Actively carrying out the exchanges of social organizations is also conducive to promoting the opening up of Chongqing and to promoting a comprehensive understanding of Chongqing. The establishment of a more perfect image of the city is helpful to improve the city's infl uence - on the one hand to help international friends from the three-dimensional impression of Chongqing. Based on their own cultural background and interest, they can spontaneously learn Chongqing.On the other hand, in this interactive communication, we can feedback through the public of foreign city to optimize and improve our own propaganda system and content.To make it more acceptable for the friendly city people.

3.Establishing a sound mechanism for mutual trust between the sister city

In most developed countries, social forces, as the main platform for citizens to participate in social life and the main force to safeguard their rights and interests, have a very high credibility in the hearts of the people. The promotion of social forces to participate in the activities of the sister city, on the one hand,is to help domestic social forces to learn more mature experience, skills and relatively perfect operating mechanism from the developed countries social forces to promote themselves.On the other hand it can also help friendly city activities to obtain the support and approval of the local people, so that the friendship and cooperation projects can be better with the assistance of the local social forces.

4.Improving the allocation effi ciency of social resources

In the current work of the sister city, social forces are usually indirect, in a relatively passive position. Through the introduction of multi-party participation,we can enhance the enthusiasm of the social forces and resource allocation efficiency, play its initiative to improve the work of the sister city. Relative to government agencies, the social forces constitute a richer, distributed in various fi elds; higher professional quality, master the specific expertise; radiation range is more extensive, in all areas of influence to expand.The most direct role is to use their professional knowledge and skills to serve the sister city activities to improve the quality and effect of these activities. The second is to promote the talent of the industry to understand the sister city, to understand the sister city activities.The use of large professional background to enhance the infl uence of the sister city activities and appeal to attract more talent to take the initiative to participate in the sister city building.

5.Expanding the participation of the Friends of the city work channels

At present, the main way for social forces to participate in the work about sister city is to donate funds,provide resources (such as equipment, venues) and other more basic forms.By encouraging and introducing multi-party participation in the work of the sister city, releasing some of the accumulated social resources, making the work about sister city more extensive channels of participation, more diversifi ed way of participation. For example, some professional groups or individuals can also participate in the exchange and cooperation activities of sister cities through undertaking outsourcing services and providing professional consultation.

Multi-party participation in the work about sister city

The international long-term cooperation mechanism between the sister cities provides a new platform for the multi-parties to participate in the activities of foreign exchanges.

1.Improving the management system and mechanism

In education, health care, sports, cultural facilities and other specialized areas, the Government should organize the establishment of appropriate specialized agencies, conduct unified guidance and management. These organizations can only be responsible for macro-management, rather than participate in the operation of its specific affairs. Through the form of distribution or outsourcing, the specifi c communication and cooperation programs are assigned to the professional community or individuals.The government departments only need to do a good job in the direction of leadership and control, through the activities of participants in financial control or management of the organization supervision and other indirect ways to promote the good functioning of social forces, both to reduce the administrative pressure of the government, but also to promote the project to run more effi cient.

2.Building a platform to sharing resource

Promoting public resources exchanges and cooperation between the sister city through the multi-participation, and building a platform for sharing resources through technical means.Such as medical institutions, libraries, museums and other urban public resources. After carrying out economic cooperation projects between the two cities, we should provide the staff members with at least not less than the original city's public welfare benefi ts.To ensure their basic living and development needs, the exchanges and cooperation between the two cities could benefi t more people. In this process,we can encourage social forces to participate in the selection of resources, integration and followup technical docking, to ensure the sharing of resources will not damage the local culture. Improving the city's infrastructure construction, by drawing on the experience of the sister city to build a modern city system with Chongqing characteristics.

3.Strengthening cultural exchanges

Sister City is established to enhance friendship and promote common development, economic cooperation is only one of the more effective forms of friendship, cultural exchanges are also indispensable. Encouraging the parties to participate in the exchanges between sister city to optimize the current government and business-led pattern, increase the proportion of social forces to participate in. Compared with the economic cooperation between enterprises, the material conditions of the requirements for the communication of social forces is more simple, focusing on the exchange of knowledge and experience, paying more attention to the role of "people". Social forces can be encouraged to carry out foreign exchange activities in the subadministrative areas (especially those areas where friendshipcity relations are not yet established), and guide the social forces of the sister cities to understand some of the less open areas in Chongqing. Through the international exchange activities or the academic conference can speed up infrastructure construction, promote the opening of the secondary administrative region and show the unique style of the foreign sister city to rich people's cultural life.

4.Establishing local advantage industry

As a mountain city, the spatial structure of the city is more threedimensional. The space for development is more extensive and diverse. It is an ideal site for innovation experiment in transportation and construction. It can mobilize social forces to establish relevant incubation bases.With the formation of local technical advantages. It also can be used as a basis for promotional activities, to organize social groups and academic organizations of potential involved in the relevant art exhibitions or technological innovation exhibition. To show the world Chongqing, to enhance the city's visibility, to attract relevant personnel to Chongqing. Enrich cultural life of the city, improve the academic atmosphere.

In the work of foreign friendly cities, the introduction of multiparty participation is not extensive participation, but under the guidance of relevant government policies, with the government's major policy guidelines for refinement of the project portfolio. Multi-participatory activities should be built within the framework of a defi ned system. They should be supplemented by leakage of resources for existing activities and utilization of resources, providing assistance to government-led external activities. When the activities led by government cannot take all areas into account, multi-party participation can play its own advantages in a functional way.

Multi participation, strengthen cooperation between the Chongqing and Its Sister Cities