定語從句的關系詞，你選擇對了嗎？

王永輝

定語從句作為高中英語人教版必修一的重要語法項目，是新進高中學生所要面對的重要難題之一。尤其是定語從句關系詞的選擇方面，學生更是錯誤百出。本文通過錯題解析的方式分析定語從句中關系詞方面學生常出現的錯誤。

一、幾組關系詞的誤用比較

1.that和what

誤 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month what we set at the beginning of the year.

解析 定語從句的引導詞中是沒有what的，what在名詞性從句中作主語或賓語，而在定語從句中作主語或賓語的關系代詞可用that或which。比較下面兩個例子：

①He told me all that he knows.（that引導的定語從句修飾先行詞all）

② He told me what he knows.（what引導的賓語從句）

正 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month（that）we set at the beginning of the year.

2. that和which

①誤 Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.

解析 當先行詞被不定代詞、形容詞最高級或序數詞等修飾且引導詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時，只能用that引導定語從句。

正 Please send us all the information（that）you have about the candidate for the position.

②誤 Care of the soul is a gradual process in that even the small details of life should be considered.

解析 分析句子結構可以看到，a gradual process后為“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句，當先行詞為物時，此時的引導詞只能是which。

正 Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.

③誤 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

解析 逗號之后的句子是一個非限制性定語從句且引導詞在該定語從句中作主語，故應該用which引導。

正 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

3.that/which和who

誤 Happiness and success often come to those that are good at recognizing their own strengths.

解析 當those代指人作先行詞時，定語從句的引導詞用who。類似的詞還有one（s），he，不能用that，更不能用which（指找物）。另外，如果在非限制性定語從句中，即使代指人時也不能用that。

正 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.

4.who和whom

誤 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to who we gave some bells and glasses.

解析 分析句子結構可知，第二個逗號后的部分應為“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句，先行詞為one of them（人）。當先行詞為人時，在“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，關系代詞只能選擇whom。

正 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to whom we gave some bells and glasses.

5.as和which/that

① 誤 The number of smokers，which is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

解析 as和which均可引導非限制性定語從句。as引導非限制性定語從句，位置非常靈活，可位于主句前、主句后，也可位于主句中間。which引導非限制性定語從句時位于主句之后。且as意為“正如或正像……”，which無實際意義。故根據本句意及結構，要用as引導中間的定語從句。

正 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

②誤 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with.

解析 分析本句句子結構可以看出，如果把該從句當作狀語從句（such...that...結構），從句缺少賓語；如果把該從句當作定語從句，引導詞錯誤，因為先行詞被such修飾時，要用as引導定語從句。

正 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.

或He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.

二、關系代詞與人稱代詞的誤用

誤 He wrote many children？蒺s books，nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.

解析 逗號后無連詞，如果前后句是并列句應該加并列連詞；如果前后句是主從復合句，根據句意及結構可判斷應該為非限制性定語從句，關系詞代指children？蒺s books，位于介詞of之后故應該用which。

正 He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.

或He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.

【技巧拓展】 選擇關系代詞還是人稱代詞，主要看前后句是并列句還是主從復合句，如果已有并列連詞，填人稱代詞；如果沒有，則判斷為非限制性定語從句，選擇適當的定語從句引導詞。

三、關系代詞與關系副詞的誤用

①誤 Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.

解析 定語從句引導詞的判斷不能簡單只看先行詞類型，還要關注其在定語從句中所做的成分。該句中盡管先行詞為community activities（物），但從定語從句的結構分析可知，引導詞在定語從句作地點狀語，故要用where引導該定語從句。

正 Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

②誤 That evening，when I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

解析 此句中盡管先行詞為指時間的“That evening”，但我們不能用when引導后面的定語從句，原因是在這個非限制性定語從句中缺的是介詞about的賓語。故應該用which引導該非限制性定語從句。

正 That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

【技巧拓展】 關系代詞或關系副詞的選擇有兩個原則：一是看先行詞是人還是物；二是看關系詞代替先行詞在從句中作什么成分。若關系詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語，則選擇關系代詞引導定語從句；若在從句中作狀語，則選擇關系副詞引導定語從句。例如：

We？蒺ll remember those days that/which we spent together.（作賓語）

We？蒺ll remember those days when we played by the sea.（作狀語）

四、關系詞的漏用

誤 The student is standing there is our monitor.

解析 在定語從句中，當先行詞在定語從句中作主語時，關系代詞不能省略。

正 The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.

對于定語從句關系詞的選擇，大家在正確分析句子結構的基礎上，要從三個方面考慮：一是正確判定先行詞類別。人、物、時間、地點、原因中的哪一種。二是要看關系詞代替先行詞在定語從句中所做的成分。三是要看定語從句類型——限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句。以上三方面全考慮到，大家才能夠正確選擇定語從句的關系詞。

【實戰演練】

改錯：

1.My mother was so proud of all what I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.

2.I refuse to accept the blame for something which was someone else？蒺s fault.

3.The old temple which roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.

4.The newly built cafe，the walls of it are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，specially after hard work.

5.When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying.

6.We have launched another man-made satellite，that is announced in today？蒺s newspaper.

7.We live in an age that more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

8.Sales director is a position in that communication ability is just as important as sales.

參考答案：

1.what→ that或刪除what 2.which→that 3.which→whose 4.it→which 5.which→where 6.that→which 7.that→when 8.that→which？蕁