掌握虛擬語氣

李晉華+周方方

虛擬語氣是高考考綱要求掌握的內容。高考主要考查虛擬語氣在if引導的非真實條件句、名詞性從句和其他一些句子中的應用。同學們應重點掌握非真實條件句中的主、從句謂語的對應關系，牢記哪些詞后的名詞性從句需要使用虛擬語氣。

[虛擬語氣的使用范圍]

虛擬語氣用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實，而是一種假設、愿望、懷疑或推測，主要用于if條件狀語從句中，也可用于主語從句、表語從句和賓語從句等。

[虛擬語氣用于if條件句]

if條件狀語從句有真實條件句和非真實條件句。假設條件可以實現的句子是真實條件句，反之則為非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。其形式分為以下三種：

1. 條件從句與現在事實不一致，其句型為：if+主語+過去時，主語+should（could，would，或might）+動詞原形。如：

If I were in your position， I would marry her.

2. 條件從句與過去事實不一致，句型為：if+主語+had+過去分詞，主語+should （could，would，或might）+have+過去分詞。如：

If it had not rained so hard yesterday， we could have played tennis.

3. 條件從句與將來事實不一致，句型為：if+主語+should/were to（過去時）+do，主語+should（could ...）+原形do。如：

If you should miss the chance， you would feel sorry for it.

If the sun were to rise in the west， I would lend you the money.

例1 If I it with my own eyes， I wouldnt have believed it.

A. didnt see B. werent seeing

C. wouldnt see D. hadnt seen

解析 D。句意：如果不是親眼看到，我不會相信。根據后半句wouldnt have believed可知是對過去的虛擬。

4. 省略形式。有時可以把含有助動詞、情態動詞、be動詞的虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去，將had，should，were等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結構。這時，如果出現not等否定詞時需放在主語后面。例如：

Had the doctor come last night， the boy would have saved.

Were I to go to the moon one day， I would see it with my own eyes.

Should it rain tomorrow，we would stay at home.

Had it not been for your help， I wouldnt have succeeded.

例2 no modern telecommunications， we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.

A. Were there B. Had there been

C. If there are D. If there have been

解析 A。句意：要不是有了現代化的電訊設備，我們要等幾個星期才能知道世界各地的新聞。根據主句的時態可知是與現在事實相反的情況。

5. if only常用來引導省略主句的虛擬條件句。這種條件句常表示不可能實現的愿望，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，虛擬語氣的時態與wish后所接時態的規則相同。如：

If only he would find a satisfactory job after his graduation. （與將來事實相反）

If only my mother had survived the disease. （與過去事實相反）

If only I were better looking. （與現在事實相反）

[混合虛擬條件句（錯綜虛擬條件句）]

有時候，條件從句和主句動作發生的時間是不一致的（如一個是過去發生的，一個是現在發生的），這時動詞的形式要根據表示的時間來調整。如：

If I had followed the doctors advice， I would be better now.

If I were you now， I would have chosen to take a job.

例3 If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before， he able to speak it much better now.

A. will be B. would be

C. has been D. would have been

解析 B。句意：要是他以前多花點時間練習英語，他現在就能說得很好了。本題考查混合式虛擬語氣。從句時間是before，可知與過去事實相反，用過去完成時；主句時間是now，與現在事實相反。

例4 If it （be） for his invitation the other day， I should not be here now.

解析 had not been。句意：要不是因為前幾天他的邀請，我現在就不會在這里了。本題考查混合式虛擬語氣。從句時間是the other day，表示與過去事實相反，用過去完成時；主句時間now表示與現在事實相反。

[含蓄虛擬條件句]

有時一個假設的情況并不用條件從句表示，而用其他方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。主要有以下幾種情況。

1. 用with，without，but for等介詞短語來替代條件從句，它們都可以轉換成由if引導的虛擬條件句。如：

Without/But for the sun， nothing would grow.

= If it were not for the sun， nothing would grow.

例5 Without his wartime experiences， Hemingway his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

A. didnt write B. hadnt written

C. wouldnt write D. wouldnt have written

解析 D。句意：沒有他的戰時經驗，海明威就不可能寫出著名的小說《永別了，武器》。根據without his wartime experience（沒有戰時的經歷），可知這里表示與過去事實相反的猜測，故主句用would have done。

2. 用or，otherwise，but等引導的虛擬語氣。如：

You didnt come yesterday，or you would have seen him.

I was very busy last week，otherwise I would have come to see you.

例6 It is lucky we booked a room，or we ， nowhere to stay now.

A. had B. had had

C. would have D. would have had

解析 C。句意：我們很幸運地訂到了房間，否則，我們現在就會無處可去了。or引導含蓄虛擬條件句，or后面是主句，相當于If we hadnt booked a room，we would have nowhere to stay now。根據“now”可知是對現在進行虛擬，故選C。

例7 I to my cousins birthday party last night， but I was not available

A. went B. had gone

C. would go D. would have gone

解析 D。句意：我原本想去參加表弟昨晚的生日晚會，但是我沒有時間。根據后半句but I was ...可知真實時態是一般過去時，與過去事實相反，前半句相當于If I had had time，I would have gone to ...。

[as if/though引導的方式狀語從句或表語從句]

1. as if從句用陳述語氣的情況：當說話者認為句子所述為真實的或極有可能發生/存在的事實時。如：

It looks as if it is raining.

2. as if 從句用虛擬語氣的情況：當說話人認為句子所述的是不真實的或極少有可能發生/存在的情況時。從句虛擬語氣動詞的時態有如下幾種情形：

（1）如果從句表示與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時。如：

You look as if you didnt care.

（2）從句表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”。如：

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

（3）從句表示與將來事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/could/might+動詞原形”。如：

He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

例8 It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I it？

A. had done B. have done

C. did D. am doing

解析 A。句意：是約翰打破了窗戶，為什么你說得像是我做的？從前半句可以看出與過去事實相反。

[賓語從句中的虛擬語氣]

1、wish后接賓語從句中的虛擬語氣：

主語+wish+（that）+主語+did/were（與現在情況不一致）

主語+wish+（that）+主語+had done（與過去情況不一致）

主語+wish+（that）+主語+would+v.（與將來情況不一致）

如：I wish that I met my uncle now.

I wish I had met my uncle yesterday.

I wish I could meet my uncle tomorrow.

例9 I wish I at my sisters wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then.

A. will be B. would be

C. have been D. had been

解析 D。上周二我本希望參加我姐姐的婚禮，但那時我在紐約出差。本題考查wish引導的賓語從句，表示與過去事實相反的愿望，用“had+過去分詞”。

2. 表示“要求、建議、命令”等動詞后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。從句的謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。

當insist表示“堅持認為”，suggest表示“表明，顯示”時，不用虛擬語氣。如：

Bill insisted that Mike （should） apologize to his father， but Mike insisted that he was right.

His pale look suggested that he was in poor health. So I suggested that he （should） have a good rest at home.

例10 Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam at the age of six months old.

A. was B. be C. were D. is

解析 B。句意：眼科醫生建議孩子的視力檢查應該在六個月的時候進行。recommend表示建議，其賓語從句用虛擬語氣should do，should可以省略。

3. would rather后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，一般用過去時態表示與現在或將來事實相反，用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反，如：

I would rather you went home now. （與現在事實相反）

Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next week. （與將來事實相反）

Id rather you hadnt done that yesterday. （與過去事實相反）

例11 We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us， but it is her choice， and she is not a child any longer.

A. would stay B. has stayed

C. stayed D. stay

解析 C。句意：我們寧愿我們的女兒和我們住在一起，但是這是她自己的選擇，她已經不是一個孩子了。從后面一句的is可知真實的時態是一般現在時，would rather后面的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，表示愿望與現在事實相反，故答案選C。

[主語從句中的虛擬語氣]

（1）It be+形容詞+that ... （should） do ...

Its necessary/important/strange/surprising/natural ...that ...表達了說話人的命令、要求、建議或者驚訝，從句中應用should+do，其中should可省略。

Its natural that he （should） feel hurt.

Its necessary that you （should） work out every day to keep fit.

（2）It be+過去分詞+that ... （should） do ...

用于該結構中的過去分詞是表示“建議、請求、命令”等詞的過去分詞，如desired，suggested，requested，ordered，proposed等。

It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month.

（3）It is （about/high/quite） time that ...+（過去時/should+動詞原形） ...

It is high time I went/should go home now.

[表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣]

在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，advice，decision等需要具體內容解釋的名詞后要使用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞為：should+do，連接從句的that不能省略。如：

The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. （同位語從句）

That is their demand that their wages be increased. （表語從句）