聞 穎,周 瑩,孫翠明,王彥麗,劉 沛
抗巨細(xì)胞病毒治療對(duì)獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征合并巨細(xì)胞病毒血癥患者外周血凋亡相關(guān)因子水平的影響*
聞 穎,周 瑩,孫翠明,王彥麗,劉 沛
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 傳染科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110001)
目的 探討抗巨細(xì)胞病毒(CMV)治療對(duì)獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)艾滋病)合并CMV血癥患者的外周血凋亡相關(guān)因子水平的影響。方法 選取2014年1月1日~12月31日中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院確診住院的外周血CMVIgG陽(yáng)性的男性艾滋病患者(CD4+T<200個(gè)/μl)共34例(排除合并CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎者)。非隨機(jī)對(duì)照分為3組,陰性CMV血癥組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥非抗CMV組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥抗CMV組(n=12)。同時(shí)設(shè)立性別、年齡匹配的12例健康人做對(duì)照。同時(shí)全部入組患者于第3周末接受高效抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療。在隨訪12月末時(shí),評(píng)價(jià)各組CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎的發(fā)生率;評(píng)價(jià)外周血凋亡相關(guān)因子濃度的變化及組間差異。結(jié)果 與健康對(duì)照比較,艾滋病患者Fas、FasL、TRAIL、TNF-α水平升高(t=-3.369、-2.683、-4.321和-5.321,P=0.012、0.033、0.009和0.003),而B(niǎo)cl-2水平降低(t=-4.321,P=0.001)。基線(xiàn)時(shí)3組年齡、HIVRNA載量、CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、WHO臨床分期差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;非抗CMV組與抗CMV組CMVDNA載量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與非抗CMV組比較,抗CMV組與陰性CMV血癥組12個(gè)月時(shí)CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高(F=4.260,P=0.013和0.020);外周血Bcl-2(F=3.621,P=0.009和0.006)、FasL(F=2.891,P= 0.024和0.002)、TNF-α濃度降低(F=4.912,P=0.003和0.001);而抗CMV組與陰性CMV血癥組組間未見(jiàn)差異。與基線(xiàn)水平比較,艾滋病患者隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)Fas、FasL和TRAIL水平下降(t=2.579、2.194和2.274,P= 0.015、0.035和0.030)。觀察期內(nèi)無(wú)CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎發(fā)生,無(wú)死亡病例,無(wú)HIV病毒學(xué)反彈發(fā)生。結(jié)論 抗CMV治療促進(jìn)艾滋病合并CMV血癥患者的CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng),這可能與外周血Bcl-2、FasL和TNF-α濃度降低有關(guān)。此外,高效抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療本身也可以降低Fas、FasL和TRAIL水平。
獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征;巨細(xì)胞病毒血癥;抗巨細(xì)胞病毒治療;凋亡
高效抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療(highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)在抑制人免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)復(fù)制同時(shí)引起CD4+T細(xì)胞上升,使艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)的病死率明顯下降。本研究前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人巨細(xì)胞病毒(Cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染是導(dǎo)致HAART后CD4+T細(xì)胞增長(zhǎng)不良的重要因素[1-2]。APPAY等[3]也報(bào)道,啟動(dòng)HAART時(shí)老齡與CMV共感染是HAART后免疫重建不良的原因。HIV/CMV共感染在中國(guó)十分普遍,更為重要的是CMV感染可加速HIV進(jìn)展[4]。闡明CMV阻遏HAART后CD4+T細(xì)胞增長(zhǎng)的機(jī)制及合理防治CMV感染,對(duì)改善HIV/CMV共感染者預(yù)后有重要意義[5]。活化T細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞死亡方式主要有2種:活化誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞死亡(activation-induced cell death,AICD)及活化T細(xì)胞自發(fā)死亡(T cell autonomous death,ACAD)。有文獻(xiàn)表明CMV特異性CD8+、CD4+T細(xì)胞可通過(guò)AICD及ACAD引起免疫T細(xì)胞凋亡[6-7]。在HIV嬰幼兒感染者中,急性CMV感染導(dǎo)致CD4+T細(xì)胞減少通過(guò)Fas途徑誘導(dǎo)CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡[8]。在HIV成人感染者中,目前尚缺乏CMV共感染與T細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究報(bào)道。本文動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估艾滋病患者基線(xiàn)、HAART后12個(gè)月的CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、外周血凋亡相關(guān)因子(Fas、FasL、TRAIL、TNF-α和Bcl-2)濃度的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,明確抗CMV治療(靜脈滴注更昔洛韋)對(duì)上述指標(biāo)的影響,為其參與促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞免疫重建的抗凋亡機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年1月1日~12月31日在中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院確診收治的男性艾滋病患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):男性HIV感染者,年齡18~70歲,同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足3項(xiàng)條件:①CD4+T<200個(gè)/μl。②外周血CMVIgG陽(yáng)性。③無(wú)CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎。陽(yáng)性CMV血癥定義:CMVDNA>500 copies/ml。共納入患者34例,年齡20~67(40.13±14.25)歲,非隨機(jī)對(duì)照分組:陰性CMV血癥組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥非抗CMV組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥抗CMV組(n=12)。隨訪時(shí)間12個(gè)月。同時(shí)設(shè)立性別、年齡匹配的12例外周血CMVIgG陽(yáng)性的健康人做外周血凋亡相關(guān)因子檢測(cè)對(duì)照。已經(jīng)取得全部患者的知情同意。
1.2 治療方法
全部患者均針對(duì)合并的其他機(jī)會(huì)性感染給予相應(yīng)治療。陽(yáng)性CMV血癥抗CMV組,應(yīng)用更昔洛韋注射液靜脈滴注(單次劑量5 mg/kg,2次/d)治療5周;同時(shí)患者于第3周末行HAART治療(方案:拉米夫定+替諾福韋酯+依非韋倫)。
1.3 檢測(cè)方法與評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)
1.3.1 檢測(cè)方法 用EDTA采血管分別收集基線(xiàn)、12個(gè)月外周血標(biāo)本,2 000 r/min離心10 min,置入-70℃冰箱冷凍保存。應(yīng)用上海西塘實(shí)業(yè)有限公司的酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試劑盒檢測(cè)人凋亡相關(guān)因子(Fas,CD95)、人凋亡相關(guān)因子配體(FasL)、TNF相關(guān)的凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TNF related apoptosis inducingligand,TRAIL)、人腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、人B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2,Bcl-2)水平。血漿CMV DNA定量檢測(cè)按照人CMV核酸擴(kuò)增熒光定量檢測(cè)試劑盒(中山大學(xué)達(dá)安基因股份有限公司產(chǎn)品,批號(hào):S20060056)。流式細(xì)胞儀(美國(guó),BD公司,Aria)進(jìn)行T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群分析(032046-D,北京賽馳生物科技有限公司)。HIV RNA定量檢測(cè)采用全自動(dòng)病毒載量測(cè)定儀(Roche公司,COBAS),按照co-BAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test v2.0試劑盒操作。
1.3.2 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) 評(píng)價(jià)患者基線(xiàn)CMVDNA載量、HIVRNA載量、CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、WHO臨床分期有無(wú)差異。隨訪12個(gè)月末時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)患者CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎的發(fā)生率、死亡率的差異。評(píng)價(jià)5種外周血可溶性凋亡相關(guān)因子(Fas、FasL、TRAIL、TNF-α和Bcl-2)的濃度的動(dòng)態(tài)變化及組間差異。于基線(xiàn)、12個(gè)月時(shí)各評(píng)估患者眼底1次。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,3組間計(jì)量資料比較方差齊者應(yīng)用單因素方差分析,否則應(yīng)用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);兩組間比較用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。患者治療前后計(jì)量資料比較用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);3組間計(jì)數(shù)資料的比較用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸
抗CMV組中全部病例均于4周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)CMV DNA陰轉(zhuǎn),有3例因外周白細(xì)胞減少,曾予口服利可君提升白細(xì)胞治療。全部病例于第3周末行HAART治療(方案:拉米夫定+替諾福韋酯+依非韋倫)。觀察期內(nèi)兩組均無(wú)CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎發(fā)生。沒(méi)有死亡病例,無(wú)HIV病毒學(xué)反彈發(fā)生。
2.2 基線(xiàn)時(shí)各組指標(biāo)比較
34例患者中,29例CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)<100個(gè)/ μl(占85.29%)。其中陰性CMV血癥組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥非抗CMV組(n=11)、陽(yáng)性CMV血癥抗CMV組(n=12)。3組在年齡、HIVRNA載量、CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、WHO臨床分期比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.621、0.756和0.549,P=0.532、0.433和0.645;χ2=0.215,P=0.323)。CMV DNA載量在陽(yáng)性CMV血癥非抗CMV組與陽(yáng)性CMV血癥抗CMV組兩組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-1.696,P=0.315)。見(jiàn)表1。
與健康對(duì)照比較,艾滋患者基線(xiàn)Fas、FasL、TRAIL和TNF-α水平升高(t=-3.369、-2.683、-4.321和-5.321,P=0.012、0.033、0.009和0.003),而B(niǎo)cl-2水平降低(t=-4.321,P=0.001)(見(jiàn)表2)。基線(xiàn)時(shí)各組Fas、FasL、TRAIL、TNF-α和Bcl-2水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.332、0.733、0.064、1.522和1.853,P=0.720、0.488、0.938、0.234和0.098)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 12個(gè)月時(shí)各組指標(biāo)比較
與陽(yáng)性CMV血癥非抗CMV組比較,抗CMV組與陰性CMV血癥組12個(gè)月時(shí)有較高的CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(F=4.260,P=0.013和0.020);同時(shí)外周血Bcl-2濃度降低(F=3.621,P=0.001、0.000和0.006);FasL的濃度降低(F=-2.891,P=0.002、0.024和0.002);TNF-α的濃度降低(F=4.912,P=0.000、0.003和0.001)(見(jiàn)表3);而抗CMV組與陰性CMV血癥組組間在 12個(gè)月時(shí)的 CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、Bcl-2、FasL、TNF-α 的濃度未見(jiàn)差異(P=0.403、0.521、0.216和0.198)。各組Fas和TRAIL在12個(gè)月時(shí)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=0.843和0.992,P=0.501和0.482)。
2.4 基線(xiàn)與12個(gè)月時(shí)指標(biāo)比較
全部患者在12個(gè)月時(shí)HIVRNA載量、CMV DNA載量轉(zhuǎn)陰,CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)較基線(xiàn)時(shí)上升,但仍有13例患者CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)<100個(gè)/μl(占38.24%)。與基線(xiàn)水平比較,艾滋病患者隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)Bcl-2、Fas和FasL水平下降(t=2.579、2.194和2.274,P=0.015、0.035和0.030),而TNF-α和TRAIL濃度的變化差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.950和-1.541,P=0.060和0.133)。見(jiàn)表4。

表1 艾滋病患者基線(xiàn)各組基線(xiàn)臨床指標(biāo)比較 (x±s)

表2 兩組基線(xiàn)外周血可溶性凋亡相關(guān)因子水平比較 (pg/ml,x±s)

表3 艾滋病患者基線(xiàn)、12個(gè)月時(shí)外周血可溶性凋亡相關(guān)因子水平組間比較 (pg/ml,x±s)

表4 艾滋患者基線(xiàn)與12個(gè)月時(shí)外周血可溶性凋亡相關(guān)因子水平比較 (pg/ml,x±s)
本研究結(jié)果提示,與健康對(duì)照比較,艾滋病患者外周血 Fas、FasL、TRAIL和 TNF-α 水平升高,Bcl-2水平降低,再次證實(shí)細(xì)胞凋亡是HIV感染T細(xì)胞丟失的一個(gè)重要原因;HAART治療可以降低Fas、FasL和TRAIL水平,再次證實(shí)HAART治療引起的細(xì)胞免疫重建伴隨著T細(xì)胞凋亡的減少;抗CMV治療促進(jìn)艾滋病合并CMV血癥患者的CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng),這與前期研究結(jié)果一致,其機(jī)制可能與外周血凋亡因子Bcl-2、FasL、TNF-α濃度降低有關(guān),提示其促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞免疫重建的抗凋亡機(jī)制。HUNT[9]曾報(bào)道,其與降低異常免疫活化有關(guān)。
CMV特異性T細(xì)胞免疫介導(dǎo)的免疫控制在CMV感染中起著決定性作用,該點(diǎn)已經(jīng)在器官移植受者得到廣泛證實(shí)[10]。由于抗CMV治療有助于CMV特異性T細(xì)胞免疫功能的恢復(fù),因此在器官移植領(lǐng)域已將對(duì)CMV特異性免疫的監(jiān)測(cè)決策啟動(dòng)/停止抗CMV治療列入指南。而針對(duì)HIV/CMV感染的患者,這方面研究結(jié)果較少,目前僅僅涉及對(duì)CMV視網(wǎng)膜炎的治療。以往的文獻(xiàn)曾觀察HAART治療對(duì)巨細(xì)胞特異性T細(xì)胞免疫的影響。HAART治療前,產(chǎn)生IFN-r的CMV特異性CD4+T幾乎消失;CMV特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量雖然無(wú)明顯減少,但產(chǎn)生IFN-r的細(xì)胞比例明顯下降,而產(chǎn)生穿孔素、顆粒酶B的細(xì)胞比例上升;HAART治療后,CMV特異性的T細(xì)胞免疫出現(xiàn)不完全的重建,抗原刺激后的T細(xì)胞增殖反應(yīng)與產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子能力之間很不一致[11]。該結(jié)果提示,僅僅HAART治療難以滿(mǎn)意重建CMV特異性的T細(xì)胞免疫,而后者與艾滋病患者的預(yù)后息息相關(guān)。因此,對(duì)伴有CMV血癥的艾滋病患者,明確抗CMV治療是否有助于改善巨細(xì)胞特異性T細(xì)胞免疫以及探索相關(guān)機(jī)制具有重要意義。
艾滋病是一種T細(xì)胞過(guò)度凋亡的疾病,其機(jī)制涉及多種凋亡基因及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的激活[12]。一種是死亡受體途徑,屬于外源性凋亡途徑,如Fas、TNF受體1和TRAIL受體等,可被TNF家族成員FasL、TNF-α和TRAIL等激活,其中Fas是AICD的主要調(diào)節(jié)者。另一種是線(xiàn)粒體-細(xì)胞色素C釋放途徑,屬于內(nèi)源性凋亡途徑,如Bcl-2家族[13]。隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),抗CMV治療組FasL、TNF-a濃度是降低的,揭示了其參與了外源性抗凋亡機(jī)制。雖然有文獻(xiàn)指出TRAIL參與了旁觀者T細(xì)胞的凋亡[14],而在本研究中TRAIL濃度組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,未提示其參與抗CMV治療抗凋亡機(jī)制。Bcl-2主要發(fā)揮抗凋亡機(jī)制。雖然與健康對(duì)照比較,HIV患者Bcl-2水平是降低的,該點(diǎn)與先前研究一致。但本研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn), HAART治療后Bcl-2水平降低;抗CMV治療組Bcl-2水平降低的更加明顯,其原因可能為:Bcl-2抑制凋亡的作用不是萬(wàn)能,凋亡途徑對(duì)Bcl-2水平敏感與否與細(xì)胞類(lèi)型有關(guān),而該差異取決于線(xiàn)粒體是否參與這種凋亡途徑[15];Bcl-2不是HAART治療與抗CMV治療抗凋亡機(jī)制中的參與因素。
綜上所述,抗CMV治療促進(jìn)艾滋病合并CMV血癥患者的CD4+T細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)增長(zhǎng),其機(jī)制可能與外周血凋亡因子Bcl-2、FasL和TNF-α濃度降低有關(guān),進(jìn)一步明確其抗凋亡的具體途徑,即Fas途徑、TNF受體1途徑和Bcl-2途徑等是下一步的研究方向。
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(張西倩 編輯)
Effect of anti-cytomegalovirus therapy on blood levels of apoptosisrelated factors in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus viremia*
Ying Wen,Ying Zhou,Cui-ming Sun,Yan-li Wang,Pei Liu
(Department of Infectious Diseases,the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang,Liaoning 110001,China)
Objective To explore the effect of anti-cytomegalovirus therapy on the blood levels of apoptosisrelated factors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)and cytomegalovirus(CMV)viremia. Methods The study was carried out in the 34 male hospitalized patients who were newly diagnosed as AIDS in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from January 1,2014 to December 31,2014.The patients were divided into CMV viraemia negative group(n=11),CMV viraemia positive non-treatment group(n=11),and CMV viraemia positive treatment group(n=12).Meanwhile 12 healthy controls were included.The baseline age,CMVDNA,HIV-RNA,CD4+T cells and World Health Organization clinical stages were evaluated in the groups.Patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy at the end of the 3rd week.CD4+T cell count,the incidence of CMVretinitis and the blood levels of apoptosis-related factors were evaluated at the end of the 12th month.Results Compared with the health controls,the levels of Fas,FasL,TRAIL and TNF-α increased in the patients with AIDS (t=-3.369,-2.683,-4.321 and-5.321;P=0.012,0.033,0.009 and 0.003 respectively),while the level of Bcl-2 was lowered(t=-4.321,P=0.001).There was no significant difference in the baseline age,HIV-RNA load,CD4+T cell count or WHO clinical stages among the three disease groups.There was no difference in the CMV-DNA load between the CMV non-treatment group and the CMV treatment group.At the end of the 12th month,compared with the CMV non-treatment group,the CD4+T cell count increased (F=4.260,P=0.013 and 0.020),lower levels of Bcl-2(F=3.621,P=0.009 and 0.006),FasL(F=2.891,P=0.024 and 0.002)and TNF-α(F=4.912,P=0.003 and 0.001)were found in both the CMV treatment and CMV negative groups;while there were no differences between the CMV treatment group and the CMV negative group.Compared with levels at baseline,the levels of Fas, FasL and TRAIL were decreased at the end of the 12th month in the AIDS patients(t=2.579,2.194 and 2.274;P= 0.015,0.035 and 0.030).There was no occurrence of CMV retinitis,death or virological rebound.Conclusions Anticytomegalovirus therapy is beneficial to the increment of CD4+T cells in patients with AIDS and CMV viremia,which may be due to obvious decrease in blood levels of Bcl-2,FasL and TNF-α.Furthermore,the levels of Fas,FasL and TRAIL are also decreased after highly active antiretroviral therapy.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;cytomegalovirus viremia;anti-cytomegalovirus therapy; apoptosis
R512.91
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.04.009
1005-8982(2017)04-0046-05
2016-04-19
遼寧省自然科學(xué)基金(No:2013021013)