鄧飛其 莫浩藝
摘要
本文回顧了近年來隨機微分方程數值方法的穩定性的研究成果.作為相關話題,收斂性問題也有所涉獵.以經典It型隨機微分方程、
中立型隨機泛函微分方程、Markov跳隨機微分方程和Poisson跳隨機微分方程為代表,主要介紹了幾類數值方法穩定性研究的成果.
這些方法包括常見的 EulerMaruyama 方法、Backward EulerMaruyama方法、θ方法、分步方法等.文中
分析了關于穩定性等價性定理經典論文的學術思路,提出了隨機微分方程數值計算與仿真所面臨的挑戰及所要解決的問題.關鍵詞隨機微分方程;數值格式;穩定性;仿真
中圖分類號P393
文獻標志碼A
1華南理工大學自動化科學與工程學院,廣州,510640
2廣東工業大學應用數學學院,廣州,510006
1典型數值方法及其收斂性
由于大多數隨機微分方程解析解的顯式表達式都很難得到,快速高效的數值算法對于隨機微分方程的應用
顯得格外重要.對于隨機微分方程數值解的研究,大體來說可以分為兩類:有限時間的收斂性和隨著時間變量
趨于無窮的漸近性.本節主要是對有限時間的收斂性的相關研究進行回顧.
其中向量n=Yn+f(Yn)Δ+g(Yn)Δ.通過重復運用Taylor展式,對方程f和g展開的階數越高,所獲得格式的收斂階數會越高,可以達到15階或20階,但其形式也更復雜,從而影響其廣泛應用.請參見專著[1].
針對不同模型和精度,格式的構造和分析有許多后續進展,取得了豐富的成果,這里不一一列舉.例如,Liang等[4]研究了一類線性隨機Volterra積分方程,在Lipschitz條件下,證明了EM方法是1階強收斂的;Wang等[5]分析了帶有加性噪聲的半線性隨機偏微分方程隱式Euler方法的弱收斂性.
在眾多數值算法中,EM型算法由于結構簡單、易于編程等特點受到很多學者的關注[69].它是所有隨機微分方程數值算法里最簡單的一種.經典的Euler型算法,即EM算法,是常微分方程的向前Euler算法的自然推廣.上面提到,在全局Lipschitz條件下,經典的EM方法是強05階收斂的,但是當漂移項或擴散項不滿足全局Lipschitz條件時,EM方法將不收斂.Hutzenthaler等[10]對于這種不收斂性(發散性)給出了嚴格的證明.
那么,針對非Lipschitz方程,各類格式是否也可用?精度又如何?為此,學者們開展了系列的探討.例如,為了處理一類漂移項不滿足全局Lipschitz條件的隨機微分方程,特別是當漂移項滿足多項式增長時,Hutzenthaler等[11]提出了具有05階強收斂性的Tamed(馴服) Euler方法.簡單來說,Tamed Euler方法在經典的EM算法基礎上增加了對漂移項的控制,它的格式如下:
同時,該文還利用類似的技巧提出了具有1階強收斂性的Balanced Milstein方法.
我們注意到,上述不同種類Euler型算法雖然結構不同,但是證明思路多是先證明數值解和解析解的p階矩有界,然后再根據不同的算法格式證明強收斂性和收斂階.這種證明思路或多或少借鑒了文獻[7].在文獻[7]中,作者給出了在已知Euler型數值解矩有界時推導收斂性和收斂速率的技巧.
另一種利用數值解局部收斂性推導全局收斂性的技巧也非常重要.在全局Lipschitz條件以及Khasminskii條件下,數值解的全局誤差可以由局部誤差推導出的結論,可分別在文獻[20]和文獻[21]中找到.
綜上所述,當我們想構造顯式的Euler型方法來數值逼近漂移項和擴散項不滿足全局Lipschitz條件的隨機微分方程時,采用的方法主要是在經典的EM方法基礎上利用一些約束方式來控制漂移項和擴散項.一個很自然的問題是:以上這些理論上具有05階(或者1階)強收斂性的方法孰優孰劣?對于這個開放性問題,也許文獻[22]中關于最優強收斂系數K1的討論是一個思路.
2數值方法的穩定性
我們先來談談微分方程數值計算格式的穩定性的來源.
微分方程的數值計算格式穩定性概念的提出源于計算數學領域對數值計算舍入誤差傳播問題的考慮.
眾所周知,由于計算工具限制等各種原因,在數值計算過程中,舍入誤差在所難免,某一步計算的舍入誤差一定會隨計算格式帶入往后各步,也就是說,舍入誤差將向后傳播.
如果計算格式對該誤差具有敏感性,則該誤差將隨格式進行傳播,被累計、被放大,甚至產生蝴蝶效應.當年,費肯鮑姆就是因為運用數字計算格式時出現了初值誤差而發現了混沌現象.如果格式對該誤差不敏感,則該誤差的影響將被逐漸消除,無積累效應,不被嚴重放大.即在一定條件下得到控制,從而被最終屏蔽.基于此考慮,在計算數學領域提出了微分方程數值計算格式的穩定性概念,用以描述計算格式對舍入誤差的敏感性.如果一個格式對舍入誤差敏感,
則稱格式不穩定;否則,稱其穩定.所以,微分方程數值計算格式的穩定性,是一個定性概念.
微分方程數值計算格式穩定,意味著計算格式可以自行消化舍入誤差,不在傳播中因累計而放大.
最常見的數值計算格式穩定性概念是絕對穩定性,在此不贅述.
本文所述計算格式穩定性概念與此相同.在系統與控制科學領域,我們同樣需要考慮格式的收斂性(逼近度)和穩定性.我們的目的是:如何將計算格式用于系統仿真,并通過系統仿真分析(原)系統的穩定性.
在隨機系統數值計算方面,數值方法的收斂性和穩定性是學者們主要討論的兩大類內容.由于大部分隨機系統的非線性性和耦合性,很難求出其解析解.所以通過離散化的數值方法來研究系統的穩定性是一種有效的途徑,它是窺探系統內部結構和性態的一種手段.目前探討的問題主要是:
1)在一定條件下,比照連續模型與離散格式的穩定性,看看離散格式是否復制了連續模型的穩定性質;
2)連續模型與離散格式的穩定性的邏輯互推.
本文將主要討論幾類It隨機微分方程數值方法的穩定性.數值方法的穩定性主要包括:矩意義下的漸近穩定、p階矩指數穩定、幾乎必然指數穩定、依概率穩定、A穩定等[2]
.其研究內容和方法要比確定型常微分系統豐富很多.下面,先介紹本文討論的幾大類穩定性定義,其中p>0.
值得指出,對連續模型解的穩定性也有類似于上面的定義,只需要在上述定義中將數值解Xk換成解析解x(t),k→∞替換為t→∞即可.在這些穩定性定義中,p階矩指數穩定可推出漸近穩定,而在文獻中,一般同時關注幾乎必然指數穩定與矩指數穩定性,但實際上它們之間并無必然聯系,因此,都是分開單獨推證得出相關結論.如果附加一定的條件,比如線性增長條件,則由p階矩指數穩定可推出幾乎必然指數穩定[2].一般而言,p階矩指數穩定可以通過估計解的矩E|x(t,x0)|p來得到,這時需要借助某個適當的Lyapunov函數V(t,x)來估計EV(t,x(t)),因此Lyapunov方法是研究矩穩定的一個很有效的方法.與矩指數穩定性不同,幾乎必然指數穩定是一種軌道穩定,它依賴于解的軌道估計,通常有下面三種方法可推出幾乎必然指數穩定:1)由解的矩指數穩定,利用Chebyshev不等式推出解的幾乎必然指數穩定;2)利用非負半鞅收斂定理,直接證明解的幾乎必然指數穩定;3)通過指數鞅不等式和BorelCantelli引理證明解的幾乎必然指數穩定.
文獻中,對隨機微分方程數值解穩定性的研究,一般采用直接的推證方法,很少套用Lyapunov穩定性定理,但其中
同樣含有Lyapunov函數或者泛函的思想方法.
下面,從模型推廣與方法創新的角度,分別介紹幾類It型隨機微分方程數值方法穩定性研究所取得的進展.
21中立型隨機泛函微分方程
經典的It隨機微分方程(SDE)已經被許多學者研究[24,2630].隨著科學技術的高速發展,實踐中的許多領域,如生物工程、機械工程等都涉及到時間滯后的現象.由于時滯帶的存在,系統狀態的變化不僅與當前的時間狀態相關,而且還與過去的歷史狀態有關.從而,誕生了描述這類系統的隨機時滯微分方程:
中提出,其意義是將確定中立型泛函微分方程推廣到隨機中立型泛函微分方程.后來,Mao[3233]分別討論了中立型泛函型隨機微分方程解析解的均方指數穩定性以及運用
Razumikhin技術證明解的指數穩定性.其后,相關學者開展一系列出色的研究工作,如Liao等[34]研究了中立型隨機時滯微分方程解析解的幾乎必然指數穩定性;Luo等[35]為了克服文獻[36]中要求函數滿足線性增長條件和
時滯為常數,提出局部Lipschitz條件,建立了相應的穩定性定理,證明了中立型時滯微分方程解析解的指數均方穩定性;
如果隨機θ方法滿足假設1和假設2.那么,研究θ方法的p階矩指數穩定性可以得到方程(27)解的p階矩指數穩定性.這類結果揭示了:數值格式的穩定性與連續模型穩定性在邏輯上可以互推.因此,這是目前數值研究中不多見的一種研究思路,
其進一步的研究,也相當具有挑戰性.
4對逼近度方法學術思路的分析
從終極目標看,我們的研究目的是提供可靠的理論保障,使我們能從系統仿真結果推斷系統的漸近性態,如穩定性.因此,需要先確定系統解析解與數值解穩定性可以從邏輯上互推的性質,提供嚴密的理論依據.顯然,為實現這類互推,需要建立兩種解之間的關聯,否則,不可能存在互推.而這種關聯,用逼近度描述正好合適,其原因在于:1)我們設計方程求解的數值格式,分析其逼近度是最主要的一項基礎工作,對我們的需要來說,是順手的事;2)符合互推穩定性的需要.所以,在毛學榮教授及其合作者的系列論文中,提出了這類假設,即數值格式具有高于零階的逼近度,其實就是局部截斷誤差、收斂性[9596].當然,我們也注意到,這類假設直接涉及方程的解析解和數值解本身,而問題是:我們并不具體知道它們.正是因為方程難以求解,我們才借助數值計算與仿真.所以,其實這類條件本身是不能直接驗證的.因此,需要采用其他條件對此予以保證,例如Lipschitz條件.在Mao[98]提出一般理論之前,以前的相關文獻直接采用Lipschitz條件,高于零階的逼近度是其自然推論.從這個角度來看,采用Lipschitz條件而不是采用逼近度的假設,更加符合研究結果的描述與驗證.但是,如果有Lipschitz條件,則當然有了高于零階的逼近度,所以,逼近度條件其實更弱.這里,為清晰和比較起見,我們不妨稱逼近度方法所得結果為命題,而采用Lipschitz條件的結果為判據.
5隨機微分方程數值計算與仿真所面臨的的挑戰
51關于等價性結論與數值仿真結果的意義與運用
通過數值仿真真的可以確定系統解析解的穩定性嗎? 難!
實際上,當我們在一定條件下建立了解析解與數值解之間的穩定性等價性定理,我們所得的是系統穩定性之間的等價性,是系統與系統之間的互推關系,是集合與集合之間的互推關系,而不是兩個系統個別解之間的互推關系.原理上,我們的仿真一次只確定一個解的漸近性態,而一般地,基于一個解的漸近性態,例如就是指數漸近穩定性,我們還是不足以推斷整個數值格式的穩定性,更不能推斷關于解析解的任何性質,哪怕我們就是想推斷一個解的性質,那也不能,因為沒有依據.那么,我們如何從仿真結果確定數值格式以及原系統解析解系統的穩定性呢? 首先,我們需要有等價性結論作基礎; 其次,我們需要確證數值格式穩定.在假設第一個問題已有結論的前提下,我們來看第二個問題,即確定數值格式穩定的難度.為討論方便,我們先放下隨機微分方程,回到確定型方程.簡單說,這個問題其實就是差分格式通解的構成問題.如果差分格式的通解可以由若干互不相關的特解構成,例如就是線性組合,而我們又能確定若干互不相關的特解的漸近性態,那問題就解決了.所以,如果我們的格式是n階常系數線性差分格式,則需要n個互不相關的特解的漸近性態,也就是說:我們需要n個初值線性無關的特解的仿真結果.當然,如果n=1,一個仿真結果就夠了.但是,如果方程再略微復雜,則難以有如此明確的結論,問題的難度也陡增.例如,如果我們的格式是非線性格式、隨機格式,因為一般不存在關于通解構成的基礎理論,我們就不完全知道需要用多少個特解來確定通解(即便是存在所謂的通解).因此,也就不知道需要用多少個仿真來確定格式的穩定性.我們認為:可以用多少個、用什么樣的仿真結果確定數值格式的穩定性從而可以推斷原系統解析解的穩定性是一個具有挑戰性的問題.
52面向漸近穩定性的等價性結論
因為推導的需要,目前的等價性結論都是面向指數穩定性的.但是,實際上,數字計算與仿真提供的是具有直觀屬性的數字與圖形.一般地,從一個仿真結果很難看出一個數值解是否真的就是指數穩定,只能看出是否是漸近穩定.只有面向漸近穩定性的等價性結論才有實用價值.因此,我們需要建立面向漸近穩定性的等價性結論,而這,其論證難度陡增,也是今后可以考慮但具有相當難度的一個挑戰課題.
結束語與致謝:
由于時間、篇幅和水平所限,本文所綜述的工作只是相關工作中的一點點,難免掛一漏萬,敬請諒解.
在本文寫作過程中,吳付科教授、宋明輝教授、宗小峰博士、劉暐博士、付余老師、楊慧子博士及趙桂華老師等給予了大力指導、支持與協助.在此,向為本文寫作給予了支持的所有師生表示衷心的感謝.
參考文獻
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Abstract
In this paper,a survey is given for the investigation on the stability of numerical schemes of stochastic differential equations in the past years.As a related topic,the convergence of the schemes is involved.The paper introduces the achieved results by literatures for the classical It stochastic differential equations,stochastic functional differential equations of the neutral type, and the stochastic differential equations with Markov or Poisson jumps.The involved numerical schemes include the EulerMaruyama scheme,the Backward EulerMaruyama scheme,the θ scheme,and the splitstep scheme,etc.The paper analyzes the academic thoughts in some classical literatures on the stability equivalence theorems and proposes some problems and challenges for further investigations on the numerical computations and simulations of stochastic differential equations at the end of the paper.
Key wordsstochastic differential equations;numerical schemes;stability;simulations