“七座山丘之城”
——土耳其伊斯坦布爾市

□文/徐勝

“七座山丘之城”
——土耳其伊斯坦布爾市

□文/徐勝

伊斯坦布爾市（土耳其語：?stanbul）是土耳其最大的城市、最大的港口和工業、運輸、經濟、貿易、金融、文化中心，世界著名的旅游勝地和國際大都市之一。其位于土耳其博斯普魯斯海峽兩岸，跨歐亞大陸，是黑海門戶、連接歐亞兩洲的樞紐要道，戰略地位重要，曾經是古代絲綢之路的終點。城市總面積6220平方公里,市區面積1539平方公里，人口約1437萬。

伊斯坦布爾市是歷史古城，曾是羅馬帝國、拜占庭帝國和奧斯曼帝國的首都，在歐亞文明史上留有絢麗的身影。公元前658年，城市始建在金角灣與馬爾馬拉海之間的地岬上，稱拜占庭，是古希臘的一個城邦。公元324年，羅馬帝國的君士坦丁大帝從羅馬遷都于此。公元330年改名為君士坦丁堡（意為君士坦丁之城），別稱新羅馬。從10世紀時起，突厥人和阿拉伯人開始稱君士坦丁堡為伊斯坦布爾，這個名稱來自希臘語“στην Π?λη”（stim boli），即“在城里”、“進城去”。1453年土耳其人將其作為奧斯曼帝國首都后，始稱伊斯坦布爾，但西方國家仍習稱君士坦丁堡。1923年土耳其共和國建都安卡拉，伊斯坦布爾成為正式名稱。伊斯坦布爾市亦有“七座山丘的城市”之名，這是因為其老城是由君士坦丁建于七座山丘上，與羅馬的七座山丘相映襯。另外，因伊斯坦布爾在整個中世紀有著極高的重要性和豐厚的財富，令其享有另一美麗的名字“眾城市的女王”。

有了古希臘、古羅馬、奧斯曼、土耳其等歐亞文明歷史的滄桑變遷，還有基督教、東正教、伊斯蘭教等多宗教的交相輝映，歐亞非多民族的文化交匯融合，都給這座城市留下了豐富的名勝古跡：圣索菲亞大教堂、托普卡珀宮、蘇萊曼清真寺、藍色清真寺等諸多歷史瑰寶。豐富的文化遺產，美麗的自然風光，讓整座城市顯得既端莊凝重，又色彩絢麗。城市的歷史城區在1985年被聯合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產。作為郁金香的原產國，土耳其人視郁金香為國花。每年4月，伊斯坦布爾市都要舉行國際郁金香節。幾百種、幾千萬株郁金花遍布城市的大街小巷，讓整座城市成為花的海洋。

伊斯坦布爾市工業、金融業、漁業、畜牧業、園藝業發達。工業門類主要有紡織、食品、電子、水泥、煙草、船舶修理等。伊斯坦布爾市雇用的工業就業人員大約占土耳其全國的20%，其工業生產值占土耳其全國的38%。在伊斯坦布爾市和周邊省份的食品加工、紡織品生產、石油產品、橡膠、金屬制品、皮革、化工、醫藥、電子、玻璃、機械、汽車、運輸車輛、紙及紙制品以及酒類飲品都是城市的主要工業產品。伊斯坦布爾證券交易所（ISE）是土耳其唯一的證券市場。伊斯坦布爾市擁有土耳其55%的貿易額和45%的批發貿易，國民生產總值占該國的21.2%，貢獻了土耳其40%的稅收。

拜占庭風格的圣索菲亞大教堂

為建立可持續、創新型的城市品牌和擴大國際影響力，伊斯坦布爾市制定了《2015—2019年戰略規劃》，包含了這5年對于投資、服務和開展活動的目的和任務目標，涵蓋從規劃及區域管理到交通建設、從環境到文化、從災害及風險防控到面向城市及社會生活的服務、從社會治理到健康等在社會生活和民生中占有重要地位的方方面面，并確定了城市主要服務領域和綜合管理領域的戰略目標。

博斯普魯斯海峽風光

主要服務領域的戰略目標具體有：

災害管理：利用有效風險管理，確實保障對災害、緊急情況的干預和改善能力。

區域規劃管理：對于城市的自然歷史和文化遺產，通過引導社會、經濟和城市形態發展，致力于創造適于人居住的城市。

交通服務管理：提供以人為本、便利、可持續、高質量、快捷、安全、舒適的交通服務。

文化服務管理：致力于城市歷史與文化遺產的保護和提高，繁榮城市的文化生活。

社會救援服務：發展、拓展以服務于市民社會需求為目的的救援服務。

健康服務管理：以可持續性的方法，在健康服務方面提高生活質量。

城區和公共秩序：改善并確保城區和公共秩序。

環保管理：創造可持續的環境。

綜合管理領域的戰略目標具體有：

確保能夠快捷獲取服務領域的準確信息。

將伊斯坦布爾市轉變成世界地方城市間進行國際交流活動的中心，由參與者轉變成秩序制訂者。

加強市政府與所轄區域的協調與合作。

有效而充分的管理支配資源。

提供有針對性的工作培訓服務。

加強與投資者的交流與合作。

以讓投資者獲得最大滿足感為要求，組織好項目設計和實施進程。

在持續發展中，改進整體結構和工作方式。

近年來，重慶市與伊斯坦布爾市友好交流與合作不斷深化。3月29日下午，重慶市四屆人大常委會第三十五次會議上表決通過了重慶市與土耳其伊斯坦布爾市建立友好城市關系的議案，兩市正式結為友好城市。3月27日上午，重慶市四屆人大常委會第三十五次會議第一次全體會議上，受市政府委托，市政府外事僑務辦主任吳康明就《重慶市人民政府關于提請審議重慶市與土耳其伊斯坦布爾市建立友好城市關系的議案》作說明時說，重慶與伊斯坦布爾市同為“一帶一路”上的重要支點城市，近年來雙方友好交流與合作取得積極進展。土耳其地理位置和地緣政治戰略意義重要，是我市拓展中東市場的重要目的地。重慶市與伊斯坦布爾市合作基礎良好，產業互補性強，交流合作前景廣闊。兩市正式建立友好城市關系，將進一步推動雙方在經濟、貿易、航空、物流、文化、教育、旅游等領域的友好交流和互利合作，助推我市內陸開放高地建設。

（作者單位：重慶市人民政府外事僑務辦公室亞洲處）

圖片來源：全景圖庫

Being a world-famous tourist attraction and a cosmopolitan city, Istanbul (?stanbul in Turkish) not only boasts the biggest city and port in Turkey, but represents the center of Turkish industry, transportation, economy, trade, finance and culture.Located on the shore of the Strait of Bosporus in Turkey and across the Eurasian continent, it serves as the gateway of Black Sea open to the outside world and a pivot connecting both Asian and European continents.In addition to its important geographic strategic location, it was once positioned as the destination of China’s Ancient Silk Road.Istanbul has a total area of 6,220 square kilometers with downtown area of 1,539 square kilometers, and has a population of 14.37 million.

Praised as a historical city, Istanbul was the capital of Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Osman Empire successively, leaving a splendid impression on the history of Asian and European civilizations.There was a city-state built on the cape between Hali and Sea of Marmara in BC 658, which was called Byzantium; in AD 324, Constantinus I Magnus, the Emperor of Roman Empire, relocated its capital here from Rome; in AD 330, the Emperor changed its name as Constantinople (referred to the city of Constantinus I Magnus), known as New Rome; from the 10th century, Turks and Arabs began to call Constantinople as Istanbul which originated from Greek “στην Π?λη” (stim boli), namely “in the city”, “go to city”; in 1453, having taken it as the capital of Osman Empire, people in Turkey began to call it Istanbul, but countries in the western world has been still accustomed to naming it Constantinople; in 1923, Republic of Turkey was founded in Ankara, and Istanbul became an official name.Istanbul gets its another name of “A City with Seven Hills” since its old city was built on seven hills by Constantinus I Magnus, setting close against the seven hills in Rome.Besides, it also won another great name of“The Queen of Other Cities” as it was of great significance in its geographical strategy and accommodated an ocean of wealth.

Numerous historical sites in this city are attributed to the vicissitudes of Eurasian civilization and history including Ancient Greek, Ancient Rome, Osman Empire and Turkey, mutual existence and enhancement among Christianity, Orthodox Church, Islam and other religions, and cultural exchange and integration among European, Asian and African nations: Hagia Sophia Church, Topkapi Sarayi Palace, Suleymaniye Mosque and Blue Mosque.The whole city glows with dignified and colorful charm for its rich cultural heritage and picturesque natural scenery.Besides, the historical downtown area in Istanbul was listed in the world heritage by UNESCO.Being the original country of tulip, people in Turkey take tulip as their national flower.Istanbul holds the annual International Tulip Festival each April in which hundreds of varieties of tulips with a total of tens of millions of tulips spread all over the city, bathing the whole city in the ocean of flower.

Istanbul is advanced in the fields of industry, fiance, fishery, livestock husbandry and horticulture.Industry in Istanbul has a wide category of textile, food, electronics, cement, tobacco and ship repair.People engaged in industry in Istanbul account for 20 percent of national industrial workers with a great proportion of national industrial productive value, reaching 38 percent.Major industrial products in Istanbul and its surrounding provinces have a long list of processed food, textiles, petroleum products, rubber, metal products, leather, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, glass, machinery, automobiles, transport vehicles, paper and paper-related products, and alcoholic beverages.Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is the only stock market in Turkey.Istanbul has a huge proportion of national trade volume and wholesale trade, reaching 55 percent and 45 percent respectively.Istanbul holds 21.2 percent of national GNP, contributing to 40 percent of Turkish tax revenue.

To cultivate a sustainable and innovation-oriented city brand andexpand its international influence, Istanbul stipulated Five-year strategic plan from 2015 to 2019, involving the purposes, missions and goals required for investment, services and various activities in these fi ve years.The plan covers every aspects of playing a crucial role in the social life and livelihood from planning and regional management to transportation improvement, environmental conservation to cultural cultivation, disaster and risk prevention to services for city and social life, social governance to health.It also laid down strategic goals in the both fields of city’s services and comprehensive management.

Strategic goals in the field of major services are listed specifically: Disaster management: employ an effective risk management to ensure the intervention in disasters and emergencies and improve management capabilities.

Regional planning and management: guide society, economy and city to develop in a sound direction to conserve natural, historical and cultural heritages and strive for cultivating a city suitable for people’s living.

Transportation service management: provide such transportation services that are featured with people orientation, convenience, sustainable development, high quality, safety and comfort.

Cultural service management: be committed to conserving and improving city’s historical and cultural heritages and enriching its cultural life.

Social rescue service: foster and expand the rescue service with a goal of meeting citizens’ social demands.

Health related service management: improve citizens’ life quality in the health-related services in a sustainable way.

Downtown and public order: improve and ensure downtown and public order.

Environmental protection management: create a sustainable environment.

Strategic goals in the field of comprehensive management are listed specifically:

Ensure the access to accurate information about services in a fast and convenient way.

Transform Istanbul into an international exchange center for cities all over the world and change its role from participator to rule maker.

Strengthen coordination and cooperation between city government and regions under its jurisdiction.

Manage and allocate resources in an effective and full way.

Provide targeted services for work training.

Enhance exchanges and cooperation with investors.

Well organize project design and implementation process to maximize the satisfaction of investors.

Improve overall structure and working ways in the sustainable development.

In recent years, further efforts have been made in the friendly exchanges and cooperation between Chongqing and Istanbul.On the afternoon of March 29, proposal of building sister-city relations between Chongqing and Istanbul was approved by voting in the 35th Session of the 4th Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress.Hereafter, these two cities are officially involved in sister-city relationship.On the morning of March 27, entrusted by Chongqing Municipal Government, Wu Kangming, Director of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Chongqing Municipal People’s Government, made an explanation of “Deliberation and Approval for the Proposal by Chongqing Municipal Government about Building a Sistercity Relationship between Chongqing and Istanbul” in the First Plenary Meeting of the 35th Session of the Standing Committee of Chongqing Municipal People’s Congress.At the same time, he also suggested that being pivotal cities along “the Belt and Road Initiative”, Chongqing and Istanbul have made positive progresses in the exchanges and cooperation in recent years.Turkey is of great significance in its geographic location and geopolitical strategy, serving as an important destination for our city to expand the Middle East market.Chongqing and Istanbul have a sound cooperation foundation with high-level industrial complementarity and a bright prospect for exchanges and cooperation.The official sister-city relationship between Chongqing and Istanbul will further promote their friendly exchanges and mutually benefit cooperation in the fields of economy, finance, aviation, logistics, culture, education and tourism, bolstering Chongqing’s inland open and highland construction.

(Author affiliation: Asian Department of Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs Of fi ce of Chongqing Municipal People’s Government)

“A City with seven Hills”-Istanbul, Turkey

□ Article/Xu Sheng