短文改錯的考查模式

胡瑞明

高考短文改錯主要從詞法、句法、行文邏輯等三個角度設(shè)問，考查同學們在語篇中發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷與糾正語言錯誤的能力，短文改錯并不單純檢測同學們的語法知識，同時也檢測同學們寫作中的校驗?zāi)芰Α?/p>

做短文改錯時，應(yīng)以語篇為整體，以句子為單位，從詞法、句法和行文邏輯等方面識錯、糾錯。學會分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是較復(fù)雜的句子，多從語法角度考慮語言運用的準確性。不要隨意改變詞義（行文邏輯錯誤除外）。糾正錯誤首先要從同根詞上考慮，如詞性、詞形變化等。具體要做到以下“四看”。

一看每行或每句有無“一致性”錯誤：主謂是否一致；指代是否一致；修飾語與被修飾語是否一致；前后時態(tài)是否一致；單復(fù)數(shù)是否一致；并列連詞前后的語句形式是否一致等。

二看每行或每句中有無“搭配”錯誤：動賓是否搭配；動詞與介詞是否搭配；介詞與名詞是否搭配；固定搭配是否正確等。

三看每行或每句有無詞法或句法錯誤：冠詞的誤用；非謂語動詞的誤用；引導(dǎo)詞的誤用；形容詞與副詞的誤用；時態(tài)與語態(tài)使用不當；連詞的誤用；名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用等。

四看每行或每句有無邏輯方面的錯誤。并列句中的連詞、主從復(fù)合句中的從屬連詞用得是否得當?shù)取?/p>

現(xiàn)結(jié)合真題，對短文改錯常見考查模式例析如下。

詞法考查

在高考短文改錯題中，這類改錯題主要考查同學們對單詞、短語及固定搭配的理解、記憶和辨別能力。

1. 多詞或少詞

（1）冠詞

At the first， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.

But in that case， we will learn little about world.

Now I am living in a city， but I miss my home in countryside.

解析 去掉the。at first意為“首先”，固定搭配。

在world前加the。表示獨一無二的事物須在名詞前加定冠詞the。

在countryside前加the。in the countryside“在農(nóng)村”，固定表達。

（2）介詞

My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

Dad cleaned the house， and then went on shopping.

解析 在dreams后加of。dream of意為“夢想，向往”，固定搭配。

去掉on。go shopping意為“去購物”，固定搭配。

2. 錯詞

（1）介詞誤用

Now I am leaving home to college.

My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.

Unfortunately， on the development of industrialization， the environment has been polluted.

解析 to→for。leave ... for ...意為“動身去某處；離開……去某地”，固定搭配。

from→of。be made of“由……構(gòu)成”，能看出原材料。教室的三面墻由玻璃建成，可以看出原材料；be made from“由……構(gòu)成、制成成品”，成品看不出原材料。

on→with。表示“隨著……的發(fā)展”，用with the development of。

（2） 冠詞混用

That day I didnt learn much about animals， but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity.

So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help.

解析 a→an。impressive首字母發(fā)元音，故用an。

the→a。表示泛指的某個問題，不是特指。

（3）名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用

If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.

The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.

解析 knowledges→knowledge。名詞knowledge是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。

year→years。from 13 to 19是復(fù)數(shù)概念，year是可數(shù)名詞，所以用year的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

airs→air。air作“空氣”講時為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。

（4）形容詞與副詞的混用

At one time， I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.

Mom said， “How nice to see you again！ Dad and I were terrible worried.”

Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.

解析 freely→free。be后跟形容詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be free from ...意為“擺脫……，不受……的影響”。

terrible→terribly。修飾形容詞worried要用副詞。

seriously→serious。修飾名詞problem要用形容詞。

句法考查

考查同學們對句子結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)合句的理解、掌握及運用。這類錯誤主要表現(xiàn)為：非謂語動詞使用錯誤，主謂不一致，連詞的誤用等。

1. 非謂語動詞錯誤

I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.

The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.

“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”

We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

解析 wear→weartrg。介詞后接名詞或動名詞。

knowing→know。pretend后面接不定式作賓語。

felt→feel。make sb do sth.意為“使某人做某事”，此處應(yīng)用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。

在just后加to。這里應(yīng)用不定式作目的狀語。

本句中staying at home與take a trip構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，都作介詞between的賓語。故將take改為taking。

2. 主謂不一致

My dream school look like a big garden.

The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.

Finally， there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.

解析 look→looks。主語my dream school為單數(shù)，故謂語動詞look應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式looks。

have→has。動詞-ing形式作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

were→was。在there be句型中，be動詞的形式與其后的主語保持一致。本句的主語是a sudden pull，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

3. 連詞誤用

考查從句中連詞的誤用的題目主要從以下幾方面來著手解答：句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整，成分是否冗缺，復(fù)合句中連接主句和從句的關(guān)系詞或引導(dǎo)詞的運用是否得當?shù)取Ｖ饕键c有定語從句中的關(guān)系詞、狀語從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞以及名詞性從句中的連詞。

My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.

The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.

After looking at the toy for some time， he turned around and found where his parents were missing.

解析 that→where。句中介詞to后面的賓語從句中缺少表示地點的狀語。

去掉what或what→that。The dishes后為定語從句，The dishes是先行詞，從句中缺cooked的賓語。

where→that或去掉where。found后面的賓語從句不缺少成分，故用連詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

行文邏輯考查

同學們經(jīng)常遇到這種情況：單獨看某個句子，很難找到錯誤，但聯(lián)系上下文，把前后句結(jié)合起來讀，才會發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，如時態(tài)不一致，代詞所指不一致，句子間轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、并列關(guān)系錯誤等。

1. 時態(tài)不一致

However， my parents didnt seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.

While they chat， my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.

Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mothers Day. We get up early in the morning.

解析 tell→told。短文通篇回憶過去的事情，與didnt seem保持一致，使用一般過去時。

chat→chatted。根據(jù)主句中的my father would lift my sister可知while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句應(yīng)該用一般過去時。

get→got。在母親節(jié)的早上我們起床很早，此處用一般過去時與整個短文時態(tài)保持一致。

2. 代詞所指不一致

At first， I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.

If we go on a trip abroad， we can broaden you view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.

Every time he arrived home at the end of the day， wed greet her at the door.

解析 yourself→myself。這里指作者自己作決定，根據(jù)主語I可知，應(yīng)用myself。

your→our。用our與本句的主語we保持一致。

her→him。用him指代my father，作greet的賓語。

3. 句間邏輯

此類錯誤設(shè)置主要是考查連詞連接的前后兩部分是否合乎邏輯。錯誤類型主要有轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、并列關(guān)系等的混淆，常考查并列句中連詞and， but， so， or， for等以及副詞however， besides， therefore等的正確使用。

Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.

If we stay at home， it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.

My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made of glass—farther in the distance， I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.

解析 or→and。fresh vegetables和high quality oil是并列關(guān)系，蔬菜和油都必須得到確認，二者不可相互替代。

but→and。上下文之間是并列關(guān)系，而不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以使用and連接上下文。

去掉could后的not。根據(jù)語境可知，從遠處可以看到雪山，所以將not去掉。

總之，在改錯時，要牢記短文改錯解題四原則：改動以最少為原則；虛詞以添加或刪除為原則；實詞以改變詞形為原則；以保持句子原意為原則。