諾貝爾獎

Nobel Prize

Nobel， born on October 21， 1833 in Stockholm， invented the nitroglycerine high explosive in 1867. He was successively engaged in the detonation technology and the synthesis material research in Sweden， Germany， France， England and Italy.He obtained 355 invention patents in his life， winning a very big property. Nobel died in Italy on December 10， 1896.

According to Nobels will， part of his inheritance， altogether $9，200，000， were put in bank as a fund， with interest every year （approximately $200，000） for the people making prominent contribution to physics， chemistry， biology， medicine， literature as well as cause of peace. In 1968， the economy prize was set up.

Every year on December 10 Nobel prizes were issued. According to the convention， physics， chemistry and the economy prizes are issued by Sweden Imperial Academy of science. The biology prize and the medicine prize were issued by the Rollin medicine surgery research institute in Stockholm. The literature prize is issued by the Sweden Literary Academy. The peace prize is issued by Norwegian Parliament. Each awarding unit is equipped with a Nobel committee which is made up of five people responsible for evaluation. Nobels candidates were recommended by the academies of science， universities and the previous prize-winner around the world. The Nobel prize consists of a gold medal， a certification and a bonus.

諾貝爾于1833年10月21日生于斯德哥爾摩，1867年發明硝化甘油烈性炸藥。他先后在瑞典、德國、法國、英國和意大利從事爆炸技術和合成物質研究，一生共獲得355項發明專利，贏得了一筆很大的財產。1896年12月10日，諾貝爾病卒于意大利。

根據諾貝爾的遺囑，他的遺產的一部分，共920萬美元，作為基金存入銀行，用每年的利息（約20萬美元）獎勵給對物理、化學、生物學或醫學、文學及在和平事業方面對人類有突出貢獻的人。1968年，諾貝爾獎增設了經濟學獎。

每年12月10日頒發諾貝爾獎。按慣例，物理、化學和經濟學三種獎項由瑞典皇家科學院頒發；生物學或醫學獎由斯德哥爾摩加羅林醫學外科學研究院頒發；文學獎由瑞典文學院頒發；和平獎由挪威議會頒發。每個授獎單位設有一個由五人組成的諾貝爾獎委員會，負責評選工作。諾貝爾獎的候選對象，由世界各國的科學院、大學和前獲獎者推薦。諾貝爾獎包括一枚金質獎章、一張獎狀和一筆獎金。