魏大鍋
中國網絡小說培育出整整一代讀者,開創了寫作、閱讀、再出版的新型“生態性”鏈接,為中國當代文化的進一步繁榮,開辟了有意義的新路子。
一
知道網絡小說的風靡是在修電腦時,當時年輕的技術員正利用點滴閑暇在手機上看小說。聊天中,他說他瀏覽過的網絡小說有好幾百部,驚訝之余,我覺得所謂現在人不讀書之類的話,其正確性有待驗證。

后來,聽說有些網絡小說有上億點擊量,有時在路上看見人聚精會神地看手機,就自然聯想那是在看小說。這些讀者也許不習慣踏進書店,但原始而真實的閱讀故事的欲望同樣存在,因此,對中國網絡小說的風生水起,大可以解讀為一批不入文學史的作者為大群不入大歷史的讀者寫書的現象,作者和作品的境遇,就像當年自生自滅的鄉村小戲。
中國網絡文學的萌芽、成長,屬于“有一點陽光就燦爛”。在網絡上發表作品,讓會寫能寫的人繞過了紙質圖書的出版,使閱讀極為方便、自由,而且花費也非常小。中國大陸網絡文學的“開山人物”是一個名叫“圖雅”的人。他于1993年到1996年間,在中文網絡上發表短篇小說、散文、寓言,被網友追讀。之后,他神秘消失,至今身份依然是個謎。不過,“圖雅”的作品主題和寫作手法,依然歸于“正統”文學的風格。
到了21世紀初,中國大陸文學網站星星點點,長篇小說漸漸成為主流。這些文學網站成功找到了生存的盈利模式:作者按章寫作、上傳更新,讀者免費試讀、付費續讀。在這種模式下,讀者與作者持續互動,作者會根據讀者的口味不斷調整寫作。不能得到讀者點擊的作品,就會夭折;能夠寫到終局的作品,一定是得到讀者青睞的。很多時候,別說讀者,就連作者都不知道故事將如何發展。這種模式使得各種小說比如武俠、言情、宮廷、仙俠、玄幻、都市、異能、穿越等“類別”爆發式出現,但作者與“圖雅”有一個相同之處:百分之九十九選擇使用筆名。
應該看到,中國網絡小說的蓬勃甚至爆炸式發展,帶動了各具體樣式的文學回歸大眾閱讀,但毋庸諱言,網絡小說泥沙俱下,如今,一部一部能轉為紙質圖書出版的優秀作品依然不多,因為內中有一些只是借助“浪潮”發行,絕無再版可能。
不過,網絡小說的影響所及,不僅在文學一端,當下,被讀者追捧的作品,題材主要涉及玄幻、仙俠、穿越以及后宮等,也有大量基于現實的職場、商務、破案、言情等,里面有一些被改編成影視劇、動畫片,或者游戲、動漫等,成為各種文化產品的一大靈感來源,影響力可見一斑。
二
有國際評論說,中國網絡文學是當代文化的顯揚現象之一。中國網絡小說在世界范圍內有一大批讀者,從21世紀起,在東南亞華文圈流行。影響所及,從2009年到2013年,越南翻譯出版了800多種中國文學作品,其中500多種為網絡小說。最近幾年,美國和加拿大大約有700部中國網絡小說有全譯或節譯,在“小說更新”等100多個網站和論壇刊登。最初,志愿者及贊助者參與翻譯一些章節,而后,讀者愿意付費就繼續翻譯。這個模式類似于中國文學網站的運行方式。

在海外,中國網絡小說以玄幻類別的最受追捧。玄幻小說并非中國首創,它是各國古代神話傳說的現代延續。中國進入現代以來,玄幻小說幾乎絕跡,只在武俠小說中或隱或現。在歐美,玄幻小說雖然說不上繁榮,但一直有作品出現,并與科幻、恐怖等小說有著廣泛的聯系。《哈利·波特》《指環王》《暮光之城》《冰與火》等,中國讀者也可以讀到。在美國電視連續劇中,玄幻的故事一直是一個很大的類別,受眾很廣。最近正在播放的根據同名小說改編的電視劇《美國眾神》,就是一部典型的玄幻劇。我們大概可以說,網絡上玄幻小說的大量出現,為中國現代文學的多樣性和豐富性填補了一個空白,也為中國文學的浪漫想象傳統續上了新鮮血脈。
在中國網絡小說的世界傳播中,“武俠世界”網站是首屈一指的。該網站由美籍華裔賴靜平創建,于2014年12月上線。之前,此人是外交官,他在翻譯“我吃番茄”撰寫的《盤龍》一書時,感覺無法兼顧,遂辭職專心經營網站。兩年多時間里,“武俠世界”已成為最大的中國網絡小說英譯平臺,每月有超過320萬的點擊,總計超過20億的訪問量,粉絲遍布世界100多個國家和地區。賴靜平對網站的定位十分清楚:他從事的是文化交流。很多國外讀者之前看過中國的功夫片,對中國略有了解,讀中國的玄幻小說,算是續上了與中國的前緣。網站很多訪問者對中國傳統的生活、社會、文化、思想的第一次了解,都來自這些小說。網站為之打開了一扇大門。
有閱讀就有交流,就會生發各種后續文化行為。“武俠世界”運行,留言有50多萬條,有人贊揚中國網絡小說的奇異想象力和宏大敘事,也有人表達想學中文的愿望。

中國網絡上的玄幻小說使外國的有些讀者甚至自己模仿寫小說。26歲的丹麥人緹娜·林格已經寫了40多部作品。她創作的《藍鳳凰》中男主角的名字采用拼音,讀起來就像是中國人。此書的電子版本已在“亞馬遜”上線。
在玄幻小說這個門類里,中國年輕的作者異軍突起,他們生動的靈感和奇異的文學想象力,并不亞于國外玄幻作家。能夠吸引國外讀者,得益于作品能別開生面地展示中國文化和歷史,而宏大敘事也為國外文學作品樹立了榜樣。
(本文圖片由作者提供)
Chinese web novels have nurtured a whole community of readers and cultivated an ecology of writing, reading and publishing. These novels have opened a new and meaningful path to the countrys cultural prosperity.endprint
I learned about the popularity of web novels when I was getting my tabletop computer fixed at a computing mall. A young technician at the shop was reading a novel on his mobile phone. He confessed shyly that he had read hundreds of novels published online. I was surprised to learn he had read so much. The encounter got me into thinking that it is not true that people of today dont read any more. Since then I have noticed people reading on their mobiles and tablets. I suspect that they probably would never visit a bookstore and buy a novel for themselves, but web novels have opened up a new world for them, satisfying the mankinds primitive desire for knowing how other people live. Web novels are a phenomenon: a group of young authors are writing novels and millions of young people are reading. These web novelists, mostly publishing under strange pennames, very probably will never get mentioned in any history of Chinese literature and their readers are certainly part of the silent majority who will never get mentioned in any history. These web novelists and their novels are like rural and regional operas prevalent in China hundreds of years ago, which mostly came out of nowhere and vanished into nowhere. Only a few of them have stayed and some of them are now considered precious cultural heritage at various levels.
Websites which offer novels for readers have found a way to survive and make a profit: writers upload their novels chapter by chapter, readers read first chapters free of charge; if they want to read more, they pay. At these websites readers and writers closely interact and in many cases jointly decide how characters in a certain novel go on. Novels that readers follow are money makers. Novels that fail to attract readers die. Web novels thrive in various genres and subgenres. Fantasies account for the greatest percentage.
Web novels go international
Chinese web novels have long since gone international. A previous survey said that Vietnam translated and published over 800 Chinese novels including 500 web novels from 2009 to 2013. In recent years, over 700 Chinese web novels were translated and published in whole or in part at websites in North America. These websites operate in a similar manner like their Chinese counterparts: some translated chapters are published first. Readers will raise funds through crowd-fund to pay translators to go ahead with more chapters if they decide they like what they have read.
It is understandable Chinese fantasies are welcome by overseas readers. In a sense, fantasies are the modern reincarnations of ancient myths and legends. In modern times, Chinese fantasies almost disappeared and one could only read about them in kungfu novels. Web novels are bringing the fantasy tradition back to Chinese readers, adding a special touch of diversity and richness and imagination to the literary China.
WuxiaWorld is probably the best known internet platform which uploads translated Chinese Wuxia novels. It was founded by RWX, a lover of Chinese martial arts fiction. In Chinese he is known as Lai Jingping. A brief biography says his ancestors came from China and he worked as a USA diplomat before he resigned to set up WuxiaWorld.endprint