李進才
詞匯同現指的是在語篇中圍繞某一特定話題的詞匯有共同出現的傾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。如一篇談論環境保護的文章,以下單詞有可能共同出現:environment, pollute, car, rubbish, smoke,measure, tree等。詞匯同現在同某一語篇中,構成了以某一話題為中心的詞匯鏈,也有人稱之為“語義場”或“詞場”。
由此可知,詞匯同現與語篇范圍內存在一種密不可分的聯系。在解答高考英語完形填空時,我們可以充分利用這種關聯來提高解題能力。
但本文著重討論用場景同現、修飾同現和結構同現來解答完形填空題。
一、場景同現
場景同現指圍繞某一話題場景具有共同出現傾向性的詞匯。語篇場景千變萬化,包羅萬象,解題時一定要抓住語言場境,綜合考慮,排除干擾,才能得出正確答案。
[例1] In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids 41 “The Thinking Laboratory.”(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)
41. A. built B. entered C. decorated D. ran
解析:根據這兩句話提供的場景(教學場景)可知,作者1973年正在教小學,每天學生們都要走進“思維實驗室”,選項A和C與學生的身份不符合,選項D在與賓語的搭配上講不通,即使在其后加上into, 也不符合常識,故選B項。
[例2]Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were 36 , Kurt asked me, ...(2016年江蘇卷)
36. A. working B. preparing
C. thinking D. eating
解析:根據前文(I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.)提供的就餐場景可知,36空應為:就餐或吃飯,故選D項。
[例3] The only hope was Balto, Kaasens lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. (2016年北京卷)
52. A. pretending B. trying
C. asking D. learning
解析:根據本句提供的雪撬犬尋路的場景可知,Balto應該是試圖嗅出其他狗的氣味,故選B項。
[例4] Just before September, Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm. I went to see him after he came back from 24 . (2016年全國III卷)
24. A. school B. vacation C. hospital D. training
解析:根據前后句提供的場景(隊友出車禍后看望)可知,我在他出院后去看望他,故選C項。
二、修飾同現
修飾同現指某些存在固定修飾關系的詞語共同出現在語篇當中,如在短語 a population of和a number of 中,修飾population和number,要用 large或small,而不能用 many或few。解題時,可根據中心詞和修飾語之間這種常見的固定關系和具體語境來選擇正確的答案。
[例1] When I was 50, my weight problem began to affect me 19 . I didnt want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more. (2017年天津卷)
19. A. temporarily B. recently
C. seriously D. secretly
解析:affect通常和修飾語seriously, greatly和deeply連用,且根據語境和語意(我的肥胖問題嚴重地影響了我的健康),故選C項。
[例2]Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others. Itll go a long way with them. (2015年全國I卷)
59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory
解析:help sb in need是一個常見的表達,介詞短語in need作后置定語修飾動詞短語help sb中的賓語,根據上下文和本句語意“走出去不僅僅幫助了在危難中的兄弟,也讓孩子們嘗到了幫助別人的甜頭”,故選C項。
[例3] 41 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. (2016年北京卷)endprint
41. A. From B. On C. By D. After
解析:從題干來看,謂語動詞為過去完成時,時間狀語的介詞只能用by, 因為四個選項中,只有“by+過去時間”才能修飾過去完成時,故選C項。
三、結構同現
結構同現指固定句型結構或成對出現的短語結構共同出現在語篇中。解題時,可根據固定句型結構或短語結構的某一部分來推知其整體。
常考的固定句型結構:
(1)it is + 過去分詞+ that...
(2)it is +被強調部分+that...
(3)so/such...that... 如此……以致……
(4)hardly/scarcely...when... 一……就……
(5)was /were about to do ...when... 正要做某事,突然……
(6)was/were doing...when... 正在做某事,突然……
(7)It strikes/occurs to/hit sb. that... 某人突然想到……
(8)祈使句+and+陳述句 如果……,就會……
常考的成對短語結構有:
(1)some..., others...(still others)有些人……有些人……(還有一些人)
(2)on one hand..., on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
(3)the former..., the latter... 前者……后者……
(4)not only...but also... /not just...but... 不但……而且……
[例1]It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. Experience is the best teacher.(2015年全國Ⅱ卷)
37.A. confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
解析:考查“It strikes/struck sb. that...”句型,故選B項。
[例2]The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasnt just to respect the French people 39 to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.(2013年浙江卷)
39. A. and B. but C. or D. so
解析:此題考查“not just...but...”結構,根據句意“不只是尊重法國人,而且要尊重所有的人”可知,應選B項。
[例3]Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes 52 youre much less likely to make them again. (2013年安徽卷)
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
解析:本題考查“祈使句+and+陳述句”結構。意思為“如果你放松心態,自嘲自己的錯誤,你再次犯錯的可能性就會大大降低”。故選B項。
值得一提的是,結構同現和修飾同現往往是一些相對固定的表達形式,在考試中僅是偶爾出現。盡管如此,也不可忽略。
責任編輯 蔣小青endprint