陳望道：《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》首個(gè)中文全譯本翻譯者

梁凉

2017年10月31日，在黨的十九大勝利閉幕一周之際，習(xí)近平總書記帶領(lǐng)中共中央政治局常委專程趕赴上海瞻仰中共一大會(huì)址，赴浙江嘉興瞻仰南湖紅船。

上海興業(yè)路76號(hào)，綠蔭下的中共一大會(huì)址，花木扶疏，大門上的銅環(huán)熠熠生輝。青色磚墻、紅色窗欞、精致條桌、雕花茶杯、粉色花瓶……1920年9月印刷出版的《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》中文譯本，靜靜地安放于展廳陳列柜。習(xí)近平總書記凝視著、思索著。他講述了陳望道在翻譯《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》時(shí)“蘸著墨汁吃粽子，還說味道很甜”。

真理的味道如此甘甜，一代代共產(chǎn)黨人前仆后繼。講解員說起這一《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》譯本由一位共產(chǎn)黨人的老父親放在衣冠冢中方才保存下來，總書記聽了連稱很珍貴，說這些文物是歷史的見證，要保存好、利用好。

柴房中誕生《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》第一個(gè)中文全譯本

這本具有劃時(shí)代意義的《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》中文全譯本，就是陳望道先生翻譯的。《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》是馬克思、恩格斯所著國(guó)際共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)第一個(gè)最重要綱領(lǐng)性文獻(xiàn)，內(nèi)容博大精深，表述文采飛揚(yáng)，要翻譯這部經(jīng)典著作，譯者起碼得具備三個(gè)條件：對(duì)馬克思學(xué)說有深入的了解；至少得精通一門外語(yǔ)；要有很高的漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)素養(yǎng)。這樣，才有可能把這部經(jīng)典著作譯得準(zhǔn)確無誤。

應(yīng)上海《星期評(píng)論》社的約請(qǐng)，陳望道擔(dān)負(fù)起了這個(gè)重任。1920年早春，他悄然回到故鄉(xiāng)義烏，開始秘密翻譯工作。為了躲避敵人的搜捕，他避開親友鄰居，躲在老家柴屋里，在泥地上鋪幾捆稻草，一塊鋪板擱在兩條長(zhǎng)板凳上，既當(dāng)書桌又當(dāng)床，專心致志地投入翻譯工作之中。陳望道依據(jù)《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》日譯本、英譯本，并借助《日漢辭典》和《英漢辭典》進(jìn)行翻譯。

陳望道出生在浙江義烏分水塘村。1915年起赴日本留學(xué)，先后在東洋大學(xué)、早稻田大學(xué)和中央大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)文學(xué)、哲學(xué)、法律等，后獲中央大學(xué)法學(xué)學(xué)士。1919年五四運(yùn)動(dòng)爆發(fā)后，陳望道回國(guó)到浙江省立第一師范學(xué)校任教。在這里他與夏丏尊、劉大白等教師發(fā)起國(guó)文改革，提倡思想解放，選用魯迅《狂人日記》作為教材，強(qiáng)烈抨擊舊文化；同時(shí)，支持學(xué)生施存統(tǒng)、宣中華創(chuàng)辦《浙江新潮》刊物。反動(dòng)當(dāng)局將其視為洪水猛獸，責(zé)令校方查辦施存統(tǒng)、陳望道等，從而爆發(fā)了著名的“一師風(fēng)潮”。陳望道被迫離開學(xué)校。從一師的教學(xué)樓里走出來，陳望道意識(shí)到，要對(duì)舊制度進(jìn)行根本的改革，必須有一個(gè)更高的辨別準(zhǔn)繩。這個(gè)準(zhǔn)繩便是馬克思主義。

早春時(shí)節(jié)，浙中山區(qū)的氣候還相當(dāng)寒冷，常常使陳望道凍得手足發(fā)麻。他的母親見兒子關(guān)起門來不分晝夜地寫作，人都累瘦了，有一天便給兒子做了糯米粽子，外加一碟紅糖，送到書桌前，催促兒子趁熱快吃。陳望道一邊吃粽子，一邊繼續(xù)琢磨翻譯語(yǔ)句。母親在屋外喊：“紅糖夠不夠，要不要我再給你添些？”兒子應(yīng)聲答道：“夠甜，夠甜的了！”誰(shuí)知，母親前來收拾碗筷時(shí)，竟見到兒子滿嘴是墨汁，紅糖卻一點(diǎn)兒沒動(dòng)，原來他是在專注的翻譯中，錯(cuò)把墨汁當(dāng)紅糖，蘸了墨汁吃粽子，于是母子倆相對(duì)大笑一場(chǎng)。就這樣，經(jīng)過一百多天的苦戰(zhàn)，在這間簡(jiǎn)陋的柴屋里，陳望道完成了馬克思主義經(jīng)典著作《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》的翻譯工作。墨汁為什么如此甘甜？這種真理的味道，只有真正的共產(chǎn)黨人才能體會(huì)到。

一位共產(chǎn)黨員的父親在衣冠冢中保存珍貴譯本

1920年8月，《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》在上海被列為社會(huì)主義研究小叢書第一種出版發(fā)行，首印1000冊(cè)，很快銷售一空，9月份又印了1000冊(cè)；到1926年5月，該書已出版至第17版。陳望道對(duì)于宣傳馬克思主義、推動(dòng)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的創(chuàng)立起了非常重要的作用。陳望道、分水塘，也因此在歷史的長(zhǎng)河中留下了深深的印記。

這本1920年9月印刷出版的《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》中文譯本，是由一位共產(chǎn)黨人的老父親放在衣冠冢中保存下來的。這位共產(chǎn)黨人叫張人亞。張人亞原名張守和，字靜泉，“人亞”是他參加革命后用的名字。

1898年，張人亞出生在寧波鎮(zhèn)海霞浦鎮(zhèn)，16歲時(shí)來到上海，在老鳳祥銀樓當(dāng)金銀首飾制作工人。1921年加入共產(chǎn)黨。

1927年4月，蔣介石發(fā)動(dòng)“四·一二”反革命政變，白色恐怖籠罩上海。張人亞想到黨的文件和馬克思主義書刊的安危。經(jīng)過再三考慮，1928年冬，張人亞秘密回到老家，將手中的文件書刊囑托父親張爵謙秘密保管。張爵謙是個(gè)普通農(nóng)民，但生性耿直，機(jī)智勇敢，對(duì)革命有覺悟，對(duì)兒子的革命工作很支持。他先是把這包東西藏在自家菜園里。隔了幾天，他向鄰居佯稱：不肖二兒子靜泉長(zhǎng)期在外不歸，又毫無音信，恐怕早已死了。接著為二兒子和他早逝的妻子修建了一座合葬墓穴。張人亞一側(cè)的墓穴是衣冠冢，放置的是空棺。張爵謙就將文件書刊用好幾層油紙包扎好，藏進(jìn)空棺埋入墓內(nèi)。

張人亞為革命工作四處奔波。1932年12月23日，張人亞帶病從江西瑞金赴長(zhǎng)汀檢查工作，途中因舊疾復(fù)發(fā)，無法救治殉職，年僅34歲。直到2005年，張人亞的親屬才得知張人亞的下落。而在這之前，苦等兒子歸來的張爵謙，一直守著秘密。1950年，已到耄耋之年的張爵謙打開衣冠冢，將文件書刊取出來，并把三兒子張靜茂從上海叫回浙江鎮(zhèn)海霞浦老家，向他講述了20多年前的這個(gè)秘密，囑咐他把這些文件書刊帶回上海，一定要交給黨組織。張靜茂遵囑完成了這件大事，了卻了老父親20年來的心愿。

如今，這批文物分別由中央檔案館、國(guó)家博物館和中共一大會(huì)址紀(jì)念館珍藏。其中包括由陳望道翻譯的《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》。

為中國(guó)的文化教育事業(yè)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)

除《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》外，陳望道還翻譯了《空想的和科學(xué)的社會(huì)主義》一書，以及《馬克思底唯物史觀》《唯物史觀底解釋》等許多介紹、研究馬克思主義新思潮的文章。陳望道參與了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的建黨工作。1921年中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立后，他是黨的上海地方委員會(huì)的第一任書記。endprint

陳望道作為著名思想家、政治活動(dòng)家，他的貢獻(xiàn)是卓越的；作為學(xué)者、教育家和語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，他在學(xué)術(shù)上的成就，同樣為世人矚目。早在“五四”時(shí)期，陳望道便成為國(guó)內(nèi)最早提倡使用新式標(biāo)點(diǎn)的學(xué)者之一。從上世紀(jì)20年代始，他陸續(xù)撰寫了《作文法講義》《因明學(xué)》《美學(xué)概論》等著作，在邏輯學(xué)、美學(xué)、修辭學(xué)等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域均有獨(dú)到的研究。在復(fù)旦大學(xué)等校任教期間，開設(shè)修辭學(xué)課程，編了教材并不斷加以修訂。上世紀(jì)30年代初，他潛心撰寫出版《修辭學(xué)發(fā)凡》一書，這是中國(guó)第一部系統(tǒng)兼顧文言文和白話文的修辭學(xué)專著，奠定了現(xiàn)代修辭學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，被后人譽(yù)為里程碑式的著作。

陳望道是復(fù)旦大學(xué)在中華人民共和國(guó)成立后的第一任校長(zhǎng)，他擔(dān)任復(fù)旦大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)達(dá)25年，是這一世界名校任期最長(zhǎng)的校長(zhǎng)。在大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)生涯中，他倡導(dǎo)科研和新學(xué)風(fēng)，主持修訂《辭海》，為中國(guó)的文化教育事業(yè)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

1977年10月29日，陳望道病逝于上海，享年86歲。1980年1月23日，在他翻譯《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》60年以后，中共上海市委組織部根據(jù)黨中央批示精神，在上海市革命公墓，為陳望道骨灰盒覆蓋上中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨黨旗，儀式隆重而又莊嚴(yán)。

Chen Wangdao First Translated Communist Manifesto into Chinese

By Liang Liang

On October 31， 2017， Xi Jinping， general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee， who is also Chinese president and chairman of the Central Military Commission， and other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee， visited the site of the First National Congress of the CPC held in 1921 in Shanghai. In one of the display cabinets at the site is a copy of Chinese version of printed in September 1920. Seeing the historical document in the cabinet， Xi Jinping mentioned the name of translator Chen Wangdao and told his colleagues a famous anecdote about the translators total absorption into translating that he dipped the food into ink and ate it without knowing.

Chen Wangdao （1891-1977） was the translator who translated the first complete Chinese version of ， a historical document that changed China.

Chen was born into a farmers family in Fengshuitang， a village in Yiwu， Zhejiang. He went to Japan in 1915. He studied literature， philosophy and law at Toyo University， Waseda University and Chuo University and acquired a law degree at Chuo University. He came back home and taught at Zhejiang First Normal School in Hangzhou.

In the early spring of 1920， he was commissioned by Shanghai-based Weekly Review to translate into Chinese. The weekly wanted to serialize the document but didnt know where to find a qualified translator. Chen Wangdao was recommended： he was knowledgeable about Marxism， he had mastery of a foreign language， and he was a proficient Chinese writer. Chen accepted the mission and went to the home village to do the job. He shut himself up in the firewood storage hut and avoided seeing any neighbors and relatives. Her mother brought food to the hut. A simple wood plank propped up by two benches served as both a makeshift bed and desk. What he had were Japanese and English versions of the historical document and two dictionaries. It took him over 100 days to complete the translation.endprint

Weekly Review went out of business in June 1920 before the translation could be printed. The manuscript was later handed over to Chen Duxiu， who became the first general sectary of the Communist Party in 1921. Reading the translation overnight， Chen asked Li Hanjun， also a communist， to check the translation against an English version. In August 1920， Chen Wangdaos translation was printed in Shanghai. The first run was 1，000 copies. It soon sold out. The reprint in September was 1，000 copies. By May 1926 it had been reprinted 17 times.

The copy at the Shanghai site was preserved by Zhang Jueqian， a farmer and father of a communist. His son was Zhang Renya， born in Xiapu Town， Zhenghai， Ningbo in eastern Zhejiang. Zhang Renya came to Shanghai at 16 to be an apprentice. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. In April 1927， Chiang Kai-shek broke the cooperation with the Communist Party and massacred communists. In the winter of 1928， Zhang Renya came home secretly and asked his father to look after a bundle of the Partys documents and Marxist publications. The father buried the bundle in the vegetable garden. A few days later， he told his neighbors that he worried his son had probably died a long time before. The father built a tomb for the son and sons wife who had really passed away a long time ago. In the coffin meant for the son， Zhang Jueqian put in the bundle wrapped in layers of oiled paper and sealed the tomb.

Zhang Renya died in December 1932 as a revolutionary， but it was not until 2005 that the family first received the information. The father kept the secret. In his evening years， he thought it was important to get the buried bundle out. He opened the coffin in 1950， after the founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949. He summoned his third son Zhang Jingmao back from Shanghai and told him the secret he had kept for over 20 years. The father asked the son to take the bundle to Shanghai and hand it over to the government.

Today， the documents and Marxist publications are separately housed at the Central Archives， National Museum in Beijing and the Memorial Museum of the Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai.

Chen served as president of Fudan University for 25 years， from 1949 to 1977 when he passed away at the age of 86. On January 23， 1980， a ceremony was held at Shanghai Revolutionary Cemetery. The box that contained the ashes of Chen Wangdao was solemnly wrapped up with a flag of the Chinese Communist Party before it was put back to the tomb.endprint