情真意切的情態動詞

王琴芳

語言是用來交流的工具，情態動詞反映的是說話人在交流過程中的態度和情感。因此，正確使用情態動詞很重要。

一、考查推測的情態動詞常見有must，ought to，should，can，could，may，might等

（一）對現在動作或狀態的推測（以上情態動詞+be/do）

1.Liza________well not want to go on the trip—she hates traveling.

2.You________be hungry already—you had lunch only halfan hour ago.

3.It is usually warm in my hometown in March，but it________be rather cold sometimes.

4.—How's your tour around the North Lake？Is it beautiful？

—It________be，but it is now heavily polluted.

5.—I've taken someone else's green sweater by mistake.

—It________Harry's.He always wears green.

6.—Look，it________be Mr.Zhang.

—No，It________be him.He has gone to Wuhan.

7.Mr.Brush is on time for everything.How________it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？

〖點撥〗從表示推測的語氣強弱程度而言：

1.must語氣最強，表示“一定，肯定，準是”，只用于肯定句；

2.ought to/should語氣次之，譯為“應該會，很可能會”，指按常理推測，如：He has learnt to play the piano for three years.He should play the piece of music very well.

3.may，might，could這三個詞語氣較弱，譯為“也許，可能”，句中常有or...or，I'm not sure等信息提示，常用于肯定句或否定句如：He may be asleep or may have gone out，I am not sure.

4.can表示推測常用于否定句和疑問句，表示“不可能”，有時也用于肯定句，表示客觀上有某種可能，如：Anyone can make mistakes.

（二）對過去動作或狀態的推測（must/may/can/could/might+have done）

1.She________have left school，for her bike is still here.

2.—I can't find my purse anywhere.

—You________have lost it while shopping.

3.—She looks very happy.She________have passed the exam.

—I guess so.It is not too difficult after all.

4.—Where is my dictionary？I remember I put it here yesterday.

—You________it in the wrong place.

〖點撥〗1.“should（not）/ought（not）+have done”不表示對過去的推測，而表示虛擬語氣，即“過去本應該做某事卻沒做或過去本不應該做某事卻做了”，有一種責備的口氣。

2.“might（not）/could（not）have done”有兩層含義：第一、表示對過去的推測，相當于may/can have done；第二、表示虛擬語氣，即“過去本可以做某事卻沒做或本不可以做某事卻做了，

例如：①—I'm sorry.I________at you the other day.

—Forget it.I was a bit out of control myself.

A.shouldn't shout B.shouldn't have shouted

C.mustn't shout D.mustn't have shouted

②—I'll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.

—You her last week.

A.ought to tell B.would have told C.must tell D.ought to have told

③Thank you for your hard work last week.I don't think we________it without you.

A.can manage B.could have managed

C.could manage D.can have managed

二、情態動詞的其他用法

（一）can，could，may和might的其他用法以及be able toendprint

1.You don't have to know the name of the author to find a book.You________find the book by the title.

2.A computer________think for itself；it must be told what to do.

3.—Could I call you by the first name？

—Yes，you________.

4.The fire spread quickly.Fortunately，everyone in the fire________escape from it.

5.—May I smoke here？

—If you________，choose a seat in the smoking section.

[點撥]1.can，could，may，might還可以表示“請求，許可”，could和might在疑問句中表示更加委婉的語氣，對于can，could，may，might疑問句的肯定答復用can/may，或if you must，否定答復用mustn't，can't，may not或Sorry，you'd better not，但不能用could（not），might（not）回答。

2.can表示能力，譯為“會，能”，could是過去式。be able to表示有能力并成功地完成，而且可構成多種時態，如：After finishing his courses，he will be able to speak French well.I'm sorry I haven't been able to answer your letter.

（二）must和have to

1.—Must he come to sign this paper himself？

—Yes，he________.

2.Jack，look at the clock，________you play at such later hour？

3.Some aspects of a pilot's job________be boring，and pilots often________work at inconvenient hours.

[點撥]must表示必要性，譯為“必須，一定”，否定句mustn't表示絕對禁止。have to表示“必須做，不得不做”，著重于客觀需要，而must表示主觀需要。另外，have to還可用于多種時態。

（三）will，would，shall，should，ought to，had better

1.John promised his doctor he________not smoke，and he has never smoked ever since.

2.—Mr.Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon.Don't you forget it？

—OK，I________.

3.—What does the sign over there read？

—No person________smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area.

4.—The room is so dirty.________we clean it？

—Of course.

5.—Excuse me，but I want to use your computer to type a report.

—You________have my computer if you don't take care of it.

6.According to the air traffic rules，you________switch off your mobile phone before boarding.

7.It's freezing outside.You________put on your overcoat.

[點撥]1.will表示請求或建議，常和第二人稱連用，would更委婉。will和would還可以表示說話人的意愿和決心，常和第一及第三人稱連用，would表示過去。will和would表示習慣性動作或某種傾向，would為過去時態，常譯成“總是”。如：Fish will die without water.My grandpa would talk to us for hours if you give him the chance.

2.shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱的疑問句，表示征詢對方意見。shall用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人給對方的許諾、命令、警告、威脅。shall用于第三人稱的條約、規章、法令等文件中，表示義務，意為“應該”。

3.should和ought to表示義務，意為“應該”，ought to比should語氣更強烈。

4.had better（not）do表示“最好做/不做”，經常用于提出建議。

（四）need和dare

1.Ineedn't telephone him，for I will visit him soon.

2.—Need I go there now？

—No.You needn't./—Yes.You must

3.The desk needs to be repaired.

4.Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening？

5.He is a brave boy and dares to catch a snake.

6.Do you dare（to）swim in the river？

[點撥]1.need表示“需要”，作為情態動詞只用于否定句或疑問句。對于need疑問句的肯定答復和否定答復和must一樣，肯定答復用must，否定答復用needn't或don't have to。need作為實義動詞，表示需要，可用于任何句型中，后面可以接名詞、代詞、不定式或動名詞。

2.“needn't have done”表示“本不需要做某事卻做了”，是一種虛擬語氣的表達。

3.dare表示“敢”，作為情態動詞，通常用于否定句、疑問句或條件從句中；作為實義動詞，在肯定句中要接to，在否定句或疑問句中可省略to。endprint