范文思 岳東林 凌愛芬 劉挺 葉協鋒 武云杰 陳宇 廖紅蕖 于建軍
摘 要:為了改善會理縣因煙草連作造成的土壤營養失衡和煙葉品質下降等問題,研究了不同腐熟農家肥用量對土壤養分和煙葉品質的影響。結果表明,煙株生長期內,施用農家肥處理的土壤堿解氮、速效鉀和速效磷含量均較CK有所提高。施用農家肥可顯著提高土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量,移栽110 d時,常規施肥+15 000 kg/hm2農家肥處理的胡敏酸含量最高達到4.34 g/kg,較CK增加了36.61%,差異顯著,且HA/FA也達到最高(0.73)。施用農家肥可顯著降低煙葉兩糖含量,提高糖堿比、鉀氯比。其中常規施肥+7500 kg/hm2農家肥處理的C2F和B2F糖堿比較CK顯著降低了23.85%和24.34%,而鉀氯比較CK顯著提高了1.67和3.34。常規施肥+7500 kg/hm2農家肥處理的C3F和B2F中性致香物質總量最高為1 163.50、683.24 μg/g,較CK增加了15.71%、60.00%,且差異顯著。常規施肥+7500 kg/hm2農家肥處理對改善烤煙化學成分協調性和增加致香物質含量有顯著效果。
關鍵詞:腐熟農家肥;烤煙;腐殖酸;煙葉品質
中圖分類號:S572.062 文章編號:1007-5119(2018)05-0071-08 DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2018.05.010
Abstract: In order to improve the imbalance of soil nutrients and the decline in quality of tobacco leaves caused by continuous cropping of tobacco in Huili County, the effects of different well-rotted farmyard manure application rates on tobacco quality and soil nutrients were studied. The results showed that the contents of available nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in soils treated with farm manure were higher than those in CK. Well-rotted farmyard manure could increase the content of humic acid and fulvic acid in soil. 110 d after transplanting, the content of humic acid was up to 4.34 g/kg, which was 36.61% higher than that of CK, and the difference reached a significant level. HA/FA is also up to 0.73. The well-rotted farmyard manure could significantly reduce the content of sugars and increase the ratio of sugar to alkali and the ratio of potassium to chlorine. Compared with CK, the ratio of sugar and alkali decreased by 23.85% and 24.34% in C2F and B2F under 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure, while the ratio of potassium to chlorine increased by 1.67 and 3.34. For C2F and B2F, the total amount of neutral substances treated by 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure was also the highest, reaching 1163.50 and 683.24 μg/g, which was 15.71% and 60.00% higher than CK. A significant effect on improving the chemical composition coordination and increasing the aroma content of flue-cured tobacco was observed in the treatment of 7500 kg/ha well-rotted farmyard manure.
Keywords: well-rotted farmyard manure; flue-cured tobacco; humus acid; tobacco quality
半個世紀以來,化肥的大量施用不僅造成土壤酸化、板結和肥料浪費,且種植的作物品質也不佳[1]。為了緩解化肥對環境和土壤的負面效應,人們提出施用農家肥的解決措施。農家肥大多來源于禽畜糞便和農作物秸稈,所含養分比較全面,且肥效持久穩定。但是有研究發現[2],不合理施用農家肥不但不能改善土壤環境,相反會導致氮、磷在土壤中的積累,并通過地表徑流和土壤滲漏等多種途徑進入地表水體和地下水體,造成水體富營養化[3-4]。近年來,關于農家肥的研究很多,研究發現與單施化肥相比,施入農家肥對提高土壤養分含量和改善土壤環境作用更為顯著[5];同時研究[6]還發現,農家肥能增加土壤微生物的活性,減少化肥氮損失,提高化肥氮利用率,有利于植物干物質積累和氮素吸收。
4 結 論
對于土壤環境的改善效果而言,施用農家肥可顯著提高土壤胡敏酸、富里酸含量和HA/FA,常規施肥+15 000 kg/hm2農家肥效果最好。對于提升煙葉品質而言,常規施肥+7500 kg/hm2農家肥對烤煙化學成分協調性和中性致香物質含量的提升效果最好。因此,綜合土壤環境和煙葉品質的考慮,常規施肥+7500 kg/hm2農家肥的施肥措施可用于改善會理縣植煙土壤狀況和煙葉品質。
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