主旨大意題的應(yīng)對(duì)技巧

張國(guó)強(qiáng)

命題方式

選擇主題的題目旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用關(guān)鍵詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：

1. What is the main/general idea of this text ？

2. What is mainly discussed in this passage？

3. What is the text mainly about ？

4. This text mainly tells us_______.

5. This passage mainly deals with_______.

6. The main idea of this passage may be best ex-pressed as________.

7. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？

選擇標(biāo)題的題目則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題通常由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：

1. What would be the best title for the text？

2. Which of the following is the best/most suitable title for this text？

3. The best/most suitable title for this text would be

4. The topic of this passage is______.

不管是選擇主題還是選擇標(biāo)題，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線。不管是何種體裁的文章，總是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開(kāi)。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，三個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，考生需要注意甄別。

規(guī)律方法

一、如何精確歸納標(biāo)題

1.利用主題段來(lái)概括標(biāo)題

主題段一般在文章的第一段或最后一段。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，第一段提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題。知道了文章的主題，也就知道了文章的中心，然后把中心概括成一句話或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)——文章的標(biāo)題即可。

2.利用主題句來(lái)概括標(biāo)題

解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，考生要注意貫穿文章始終的詞句。通過(guò)尋找文章的主題句，并對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。

做此類題時(shí)，考生要避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤：

（1）概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍）：

（2）過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍）；

（3）以事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。

二、如何概括文章大意

1.做概括文章大意題時(shí)，最有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性和概括性的特點(diǎn)，文章的大意往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無(wú)主題句，則考生需要依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。

2.在選擇答案時(shí)，考生可以根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，利用排除法將干擾項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除。

三、如何總結(jié)段落大意

段落大意即某一段的中心，通常中心句會(huì)在首句體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。主題句具有鮮明的概括性，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，段落中其他句子均用來(lái)解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題。主題句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾或段中。有時(shí)作者沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去概括主題句。

解題技巧

1.歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意。適用于沒(méi)有明顯主題句的文章或段落。

2.從段落中抓大意。適用于主題句位于文章中間段落的文章。

3.讀首句抓大意。適用于主題句出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭的文章，如說(shuō)明文、議論文、科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道。

4.讀尾句抓大意。適用于主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾或篇尾的文章。

找主題句的小竅門：

1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的單詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。

2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能是主題句。

3.作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是文章的主旨：反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的單詞，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。

[即時(shí)演練]

Using a computer or smartphone at night can cause us to pile on the pounds ， new research has revealed. The study found a link between hlue light exposure and in-creased hunger. It found that exposure to blue light in-creases hunger levels for several hours and even increas-es hunger levels after eating a meal. Blue light exposure has also already been shown to cause decreased sleepi-ness in the evening ， increasing the risk of sleeplessness.

The leading researcher ， Ivy Cheung ， from North-westem University in Chicago，said，“A single three-hour exposure to blue-enriched light in the evening greatly affected hunger and metabolism（新陳代謝）. These results are important because they suggest that controlling environmental light exposure for humans may represent a novel approach of influencing food intake patterns and metabolism.”

The study group consisted of 10 healthy adults with regular sleep and eating schedules. They completed a four-day trial under dim light conditions ， which involved exposure to less than 20 lux during 16 hours awake and less than 3 lux during eight hours of sleep. On the thirdday they were exposed to three hours of 260 lux，blue-en- riched light starting 10.5 hours after waking up，and the effects were compared with dim light exposure.

Ivy Cheung said more research is needed to deter-mine the functions involved in the relationship between light exposure，hunger and metabolism.

1. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about ？

A. How blue light exposure affects hunger.

B. Why blue light exposure influences sleepiness.

C. What is the link between blue light exposure， hunger and sleepiness.

D. Who has found the effects of blue light expo-sure on hunger and sleepiness.

2. The underlined word“novel”in the third para-graph probably means“_______”.

A. unusual

B . unforgettable

C. temporary

D. controversial

3. What can we learn from the passage？

A. Blue light exposure can make us lose weight at night.

B. Blue light exposure has no effect on sleepless-ness.

C. The researchers drew their conclusion by com-parison.

D. Ivy Cheung has found the relationship between light exposure and hunger.

4. Where would you be most likely to find the pas-sage？

A. On a notice board.

B. In a health magazine.

C. On a business website.

D. In a college newspaper.

參考答案：1-4 CACB