⊙ 籍萬杰 山東省臨沂市費縣第一中學高級教師

猜測詞義既是閱讀理解的一項重要技能,也是高考考查的閱讀題型之一。很多考生不具備系統的猜詞技巧,只會根據字面意思或上下文進行猜測,這就容易造成失誤。下面給同學們提供六種猜詞技巧,希望能夠為大家助力2018年高考。
在科技說明文中,作者通常會對一些關鍵詞或專業術語進行解釋——常見的有對該名詞下定義,或后跟同位語、定語從句,或用冒號、破折號引出并加以解釋說明。通過閱讀定義和解釋,我們便可理解該詞或短語的意思。
例1(2017年天津卷,C篇)
What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
解析:D。請看原文第二段:The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
文中的冒號正是解釋說明的標志。根據冒號后面的內容可知,death valley指的是半自動駕駛與無人駕駛汽車之間的區域(界限不明、難以界定),故可推斷這里講的是駕駛員的角色不明朗,D項描述與之吻合。
例2(2015年江蘇卷,D篇)
What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Countries where their people need help.B. Powerful states with higher civilization.
C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D. Governments ruled with absolute power.
解析:D。請看原文:Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

本題可用釋義法進行解答。原文在所猜測單詞tyrannies的后面用同位語進行了解釋:one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses(一個很有權勢的人統治著無助的大眾),因此選擇D項。
在英語中,我們可以通過添加詞綴或合成的方式構成一個新詞。所以,考生只要熟記一定數量的詞根、前綴與后綴,就能夠對單詞進行“解剖”,進而對一個生詞“望文生義”,從而提高閱讀理解能力。
例3(2016年全國卷II,B篇)
What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Dif fi culty. D. Burden.
解析:B。請看原文:Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
Downside是由down(向下)+ side(方面)構成的合成詞,再結合下文——作者要冒著失去那些有不同思維風格的學生的風險,可以推測出該詞的意思是“不足,缺點”,故選B項。
若文章的前后句之間構成了因果關系,我們也可以根據這種因果邏輯推知單詞或短語的意義——根據前面的原因可以推測后面的結果,根據后面的結果也可以反推前面的原因。因果關系通常由because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such...that...等標志詞體現。
例4(2016年全國卷III,C篇)
What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.
C. A brilliant plan. D. A sel fi sh desire.
解析:B。請看原文:There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
由標志詞so可知,此處可根據因果關系解題。由so前面的原因部分可知,Orleans Reinette這個品種雖然口感好,但是對種植環境和土壤要求高,因此對于大多數喜歡它的人來說,大飽口福只是一種脫離實際的愿望,與B項一致。
在畫線的單詞、短語前后,有時會出現與之同義或近義的詞語或結構,它往往暗示了該單詞或短語的含義,這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。常見表示同義關系的詞和短語有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。當畫線的單詞短語與其他單詞短語有并列連詞或者表示相同、相似關系的副詞連接時,就表示這兩項內容在含義上較為接近,由此可推知其大致意思。
例5(2015年四川卷,D篇)
What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
解析:A。請看原文:And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by arti fi cial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.
前一句說“不僅知更鳥在人造光下會一直醒著”,下文的also表明后半句提到的內容與前面所表達的意思相近——通過前一句的awake,我們可以推斷出nocturnal的意思應為“夜間活動的”,故選A項。
運用轉折對比描述事物或現象是文章寫作的一種常用手法。作者常借用一些信號詞來提供相反的信息,從而表明一個詞語與另一個詞語互為反義、轉折,或對比關系。抓住這些信號詞,再結合上下文,就能快速推測詞義。能體現對比關系的詞有很多,常見的有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead (of)、on the other hand、rather than、on the contrary等。
例6(2017年全國卷III,C篇)
What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
解析:C。請看原文:Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but gradually displaced by human development.
原文中的but提示其前后是轉折對比關系。前文提到灰狼曾經在黃石公園和美國大陸的絕大部分地區隨處可見,后面卻話鋒一轉——因為人類的發展,灰狼逐漸失去領地,故選C項。

還有些題目比較“隱蔽”,找不到以上的標志或線索,這時我們可以利用上下文提供的語境,進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析,進而推測詞義句意,這也是近幾年高考考查的熱點。
例7(2017年全國卷I,D篇)
What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube. B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup.
解析:B。請看原文:To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity.
原文是一篇說明文,告訴我們在難以獲得飲用水的情況下,自制一個太陽能蒸餾器是獲得飲用水的最佳辦法之一。通過上下文可知,畫線部分指的應該是前文的a working still(一個起作用的蒸餾器),故選B項。
例8(2017年全國卷II,D篇)
What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fi ght back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
解析:A。請看原文第三段:Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
這里講的是有些植物為了對付攻擊自己的昆蟲,會釋放出一種香味,將蟲子的天敵吸引過來——天敵一旦到場,局勢就會瞬間扭轉,攻擊者變成了別人的午餐,故選A項。