劇院建筑

編譯：周 羽

劇院建筑設計指南之利索大劇院

The Liceu from Theatre Buildings: A Design Guide

西班牙巴塞羅那

Barcelona, Spain

巴塞羅那利索大劇院，位于西班牙巴塞羅那著名的蘭布拉大道，它看上去像在19世紀中期建造的，但其實自1847年第一次開業以來，利索大劇院已經經歷了兩次毀壞與重建。最近的一次發生在1994年，整個舞臺和觀眾席毀于大火。五年之后，劇院重新開放并恢復到原先的狀態，而且設施條件大為改善。

利索大劇院的鏡廳

The Gran Teatre del Liceu, in Barcelona’s famous Paseo de las Ramblas, may look as if it was built in the mid-nineteenth century but it has been twice destroyed and recreated since it first opened in 1847.The most recent catastrophe to hit the theatre was in 1994 when the whole of the auditorium and stage area was destroyed by fire. Five years later, the theatre was reopened and restored to its former state but with considerably improved facilities.

早在這場大火之前，利索大劇院的更新改造就常被提上議程。它的觀眾席是歐洲最大的，可以容納近3000人，但是公共區域和后臺準備區域的空間有限，幾乎沒有擴張的余地。火災反倒促進了公眾對劇院的支持，公共和私人資源都被調用起來。這使得巴塞羅那利索大劇院能夠買下鄰近的90間公寓，在擁擠的蘭布拉大道接管了一整個街區。

毀于1994年大火的觀眾席，重建后被完全復原

Even before the fire, there had been discussions about renovating the Liceu. The auditorium was one of the largest in Europe, originally seating nearly 3,000 people, but the public areas and the backstage provision were constricted and the site offered little scope for expansion. The fire served to rally support,with contributions coming from both public and private sources. This enabled the Liceu to buy about 90 adjacent apartments, taking over a while block in the tightly packed Ramblas district.

修整后，馬蹄形的觀眾席和五層的包廂樓座被恢復至原貌，保留了其一代又一代歌唱家和觀眾交口稱贊的音質效果。豪華的紅色、黃色和棕色的新古典裝飾風格也得以延續。原建筑的一些部分，如裝飾精美的門廳和鏡室，雖然沒有被火災破壞，但也一并重新翻修。

The horseshoe-shaped auditorium with its five tiers of balconies has been reinstated, retaining the acoustic quality which had been praised by generations of singers and audiences. The lavish red, gold and brown neo-classical decoration has also been restored.Some sections of the original building, such as the finely decorated entrance foyer and Mirror Room, were not destroyed and these have been renovated.

概 要

劇院類型和運營形式

面向國際的歌劇院。

地址及網站資源參考

西班牙巴塞羅那。

www.liceubarcelona.com

建造年代

觀眾席

馬蹄形觀眾席及五層樓座包廂。目前座位2292個，及一個永久的交響樂池。

舞臺

舞臺口寬14米，歌劇廳減少至寬11.5米。高度在7米到10.5米之間。

舞臺寬29.1米，深26.1米。邊臺寬15.9米深19.9米。后部舞臺空間逐漸變窄。兩側的副舞臺比主舞臺低16米。

舞臺下面的網格高度是29米，舞臺層面凈高是9.5米，從下層舞臺計算場景凈高是10.5米。

開采地的地質結構、巖層組成以及各巖層硬度、穩定度等地質條件都會影響巷道掘進的效率。開采中的影響因素有工作面煤巖的硬度、涌水量、瓦斯涌出量、層理發育和頂底板穩定情況等地質條件等。一般來說，只有煤礦巷道頂板穩定、支護條件和層理發育良好，煤巖硬度合適才能保證煤礦巷道的有效掘進；而如果這些地質條件惡劣，則會在不同程度上影響煤礦巷道的掘進進度和質量，無法提高掘進機械設備的作業效率。

建筑師

弗朗西斯·D. 阿西斯·索勒（1844），約瑟夫·奧里奧·梅斯特雷斯（1861）。

1994年大火之后劇院重修的設計師是迪索拉·莫瑞爾與澤維爾·法布雷及呂魯斯·迪爾梅。

劇院（設計和技術）咨詢

劇院規劃咨詢公司，英國倫敦。

造價

行業內估算的總成本為80萬英鎊（1999年）。

新的巴塞羅那利索大劇院擴建了后臺區域，精巧的設計最大限度地利用了空間。為了克服限制和保留一些地面層的后臺裝修，新的劇院設計了單向舞臺，兩個位于地下16米的下層由一對主舞臺電梯提供服務。飛控塔配備了一個由63個橫跨吊桿組成的全面動力飛行裝置，每側都設有一根全景軌道，11段貫穿舞臺的軌道，每個都配有6個固定起降點和30個可移動起降點。

The new Liceu has a vastly enlarged backstage area, cleverly designed to make best use of the limited site. In order to overcome the restrictions and to keep some backstage accommodation at ground level, only one side-stage was provided, with two others positioned 16m below served by a pair of major stage elevators.The flytower is comprehensively equipped with a power flying installation consisting of 63 across-stage bars, two panorama bars each side, 11 across-stage tracks each with six point hoists and 30 free point hoists.

新劇院還設有便捷的運輸通道，可以直接從蘭布拉大道通往舞臺。另外，一些新的排練廳，一個禮品商店和大的下沉式大廳可供小型音樂會和接待使用。改建也為觀眾席和后臺技術設備的升級提供了機會。現在，利索大劇院的配套設施與其精湛的演出水準及國際聲譽相得益彰。

In addition, there is proper stage delivery access from Las Ramblas, some new rehearsal rooms, a gift shop and large underground foyer that is also use for small concerts and receptions. The rebuilding also provided the opportunity to upgrade the technical provision in the auditorium as well as in the backstage and production areas. The international status of the Liceu and the quality of the auditorium is now matched by its support facilities.

Summary

Theatre type and operational format

Location and web reference

Barcelona, Spain.

www.liceubarcelona.com

Building dates

Opened 1847. Destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1861. Destroyed by fire again in 1994.

Reopened 7 October 1999.

Auditorium

Horseshoe format with five tiers of balconies.Currently seats 2,292. Permanent orchestra pit.

Stages

Proscenium arch 14m wide with opera portal reducing this to 11.5m. Height between 7m and 10.5m.

Stage 29.1m wide by 26.1m deep (iron to rear shutter). Side stage at this level 15.9m wide by 19.9m deep; tapering rear stage space. Two further side stages 16m below stage.

Stage to underside of grid is 29m and the scenery clearance height is 9.5m at stage level but 10.5m for scenery brought up from the lower side stages.

Architect

Francese d’Assis Soler (1844); Josep Oriol Mestres (1861). After the 1994 fire the theatre was rebuilt to the designs of lgnasi de Solà-Morales working with Xavier Fabré and Lluìs Dilmé.

Theatre (design and technical) consultants

Theatreplan LLP London, UK.

Building cost

Total cost estimated to be around $80 million in 1999.