羅麗雯
在全國卷的語法填空中,除2014年全國Ⅱ卷沒有考查名詞外,每年每套題通??疾?~2個小題。自2014年開始采用語法填空以來,共13套題,有16道題考查名詞。其中8道題考查名詞的復數,8道題考查名詞的用法。詳情如下表所示:
由上表可看出,全國Ⅰ卷重點考查名詞的復數形式,而全國Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷重點考查名詞的句法作用。
一、考查名詞復數
也就是要求考生將括號中所給的名詞變成復數形式。一般說來,如果考生判斷此空該填名詞,而括號中給出的就是名詞,通常是要求考生填該名詞的復數形式。解答此類題有四條依據:
(一)謂語動詞的數
1.(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the __________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
2.(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)Recent __________(study)show that we are far more productive at work.
以上兩道題的答案都是括號中名詞的復數形式,但change直接加s變復數,study需要變成studies。這兩題都給學生留下解題依據,一是該詞之后都是謂語動詞,由此推斷此空應該填名詞,再加上動詞are和show都不是第三人稱單數形式,最終確定應該是用名詞的復數形式。
(二)空前修飾語
3.(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese__________(painting).
4.(2016年全國Ⅰ卷) The nursery team switches him every few __________(day)with his sister.
5.(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)She has turned down several ______(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
以上三題的答案都是括號中名詞的復數形式。而且,也都給考生留下比較明顯的依據,2015年的題目名詞前有many,2016的題目中有few,2017年的題目中有several,這些詞都是修飾可數名詞復數的。
(三)空后所舉的例子
6.(2017年全國Ⅰ卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side __________(effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
這一題需要填effects。effect前沒有few, many, several之類的提示詞,可是空后有“such as overweight and heart disease”,也就是有兩個副作用,從這一提示可以確定應該填名詞的復數形式。
(四)語境分析
7.(2018年全國Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __________(cause).
8.(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __________(crowd)on the roads above
最后這兩道題,也就是近年考的兩道題,難度又再次提升。除了句子比較長之外,主要還是沒有了上下文的依據。所以,先借助from和avoid這兩個詞,即構成介賓或動賓短語,推斷出所給的空是需要填名詞。如果考生基礎知識較扎實,知道cause作“原因”解時是可數名詞,crowd作“人群”解時是可數名詞,則可以判斷這兩個空應該填括號中名詞的復數形式。當然,如果實在判斷不了名詞是否可數,從出題的角度來看,括號里給的是一個名詞,讓考生填名詞原形的可能性不太大。所以從這點來講,填名詞的復數,正確率更高一些。
二、考查名詞的句法作用
名詞在句中主要是做主語、賓語和表語,名詞的句法作用是全國Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷的重點考查對象。解答此類題有三條依據:
(一)名詞的用法
在謂語動詞前做主語,或在及物動詞或介詞后做賓語,用所給詞的名詞形式填空。如:
9.(2018年全國Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased _______ (pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
10.(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ______(achieve).
第9題在及物動詞increased后做賓語,第10題是做介詞of的賓語,應用所給動詞的名詞形式,故分別填pollution和achievement。
(二)空前的冠詞
當空格前有冠詞時,用所給詞的名詞形式填空。
11.(2018年全國Ⅲ卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a __________(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
12.(2017年全國Ⅱ卷) This development was only possible with the ________(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
13.(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the __________(develop)of chopsticks.
由空格前的冠詞可以判斷,這三空均填名詞形式。第11題,由句意或后面引導定語從句的who可判斷,填scientist;第12題和13題,分別填introduction和development。
(三)空前的形容詞性物主代詞
當空格前有物主代詞時,用所給詞的名詞形式填空。
14.(2017年全國Ⅲ卷) She is determined to carry on with her __________ (educate).
15.(2015年全國Ⅱ卷) In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __________ (able)to“air condition”a house without using exectic equipment.
16.(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top__________(attract).
第14和15兩題直接在形容詞性物主代詞后,用名詞,分別填education和ability;第16題空格前是“形容詞性物主代詞(its)+形容詞(top)”,其后應填名詞attraction。
仔細分析以上9~16題,可以發現:
1. 全國Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷對名詞的考查,一般是要考生進行詞性轉換,并通常要求考生將動詞轉化為相應的名詞。但第11題括號中所給詞是名詞science,第15題是形容詞able。
2. 到目前為止,將括號內所給詞轉化為名詞后,不再要求考生第二次轉換,即不需要變成復數形式。
值得一提的是,以上規律是根據已經考過的全國卷真題總結出來的,掌握規律,有利于高考備考。但是,這既不代表平時的模擬考試也符合這些規律,更不代表今后的高考一成不變。因此,既要牢記規律,運用規律,為高考服務,又要從實際出發,根據具體題目的具體語境來確定答案。如在將括號中所給詞轉換成名詞后,依然要分析語境,看是否需要變成復數形式。
最后,留下幾道各市模擬題讓同學們鞏固一下:
1.(2018年安徽合肥)During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of colourful _________(activity).
2.(2018年廣東惠州)For example, Mobike sets a 100-point credit score for each user, with _________(point)taken in the case of bad behavior.
3.(2018年山東淄博)Later, when expensive _________ (tea)were sold in certain cafes, women were initially not allowed to enter.
4.(2018年廣東惠州)Public _________(celebration)include the Lusheng Festival and water buffalo fighting.
5.(2018年云南二檢)As a _________(music), Dylan has sold more than 100 million records, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.
6.(2018年陜西模擬)The doctor said I lost my ________(hear).
7.(2018年青海西寧)We should make every effort to prevent violence school happening, for more and more students would drop out if their personal _________(safe)could not be guaranteed.
8.(2018吉林長春)The letter talked about the living and working conditions of the Queen at an early age, and included a detailed _________ (introduce) of the Palace.
參考答案與簡析:
1. activities 因activity是可數名詞,且前有a variety of(各種各樣的)修飾(參考真題3,4,5)。
2. points 因point(這里指信用分)是可數名詞,扣去分數,表泛指用其復數(參考真題7)。
3. teas 因句子的謂語為were sold,說明主語為復數(參考真題1)。
4. celebrations 因句子的謂語為include,說明主語應為復數(參考真題2)。
5. musician 作為一名_________,此處應指人的身份或職業,用musician (參考真題11)。
6. hearing 在形容詞性物主代詞my之后,需要填名詞(參考真題14,15)。
7. safety 因“形容詞性物主代詞+形容詞”之后,需要名詞(參考真題16)。
8. introduction 在“冠詞+形容詞(a detailed)”之后,填名詞。
責任編輯 蔣小青