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86歲的何占豪與60歲的《梁祝》

2019-06-17 04:43:34馬黎楊琳惜
文化交流 2019年6期

馬黎?楊琳惜

今年,《梁祝》60歲了。

哪個《梁祝》?你可能會問這個問題。

這個故事,經過無數版本、劇種的改編、創作,早已成為中國人的一個文化符號。

但,一看名字就能秒哼旋律的,只有它:《梁祝》小提琴協奏曲。

5月4日。

“我給我的同伴陳鋼打了一個電話。”

電話通了——“喂,陳鋼。”

“你是誰?”

“我何占豪。我很有感慨,60年啊,60年前的今天,你彈鋼琴,我拉提琴,這才是《梁祝》真正首演啊!”

何老說到這里,臺下的我們忍不住鼓掌,有人在抹眼角。

今年,寫這支曲子的他,也86歲了。

“好激動,到了杭州,到了浙江,就到了娘家。”修身黑色西裝、背心、條紋襯衣,扣子扣到第一顆——不是所有人都能穿好三件套的,眼前這個86歲老人身上的精氣神,是音樂養成的。

何占豪,世界級著名作曲家,1958年率“小提琴民族學派實驗小組”與陳鋼聯袂創作小提琴協奏曲《梁祝》。1959年5月27日,作品首演于上海蘭心大戲院,一炮而紅。

5月上旬,浙江省慶祝《梁祝》小提琴協奏曲問世60周年暨“今夕何夕”何占豪師生音樂作品三部曲系列活動在杭州舉行。一共三場演出——何占豪作品音樂會、何占豪學生代表作品音樂會、何占豪箏樂作品音樂會相繼在杭州劇院和浙江音樂學院音樂廳上演。何占豪親自指揮自己的作品音樂會。

(一)

7年前,我去何老家拜訪這位音樂老頑童。老人指著自己年輕時的照片:“你看帥不帥?要是我再年輕個四五十歲,肯定迷倒你。你說你愿不愿意?”再看看自己,“不過人家都說我越老越帥了。”

7年過去,老頑童依然風度翩翩,坐得筆挺,身材管理得比年輕人都要好。他身邊坐著的愛徒、香港中樂團藝術總監兼終身指揮閻惠昌忍不住“表白”:“看到你那漂亮的皮膚、煽動性的語言和動作,何老師您一定可以繼續帶領我們民族音樂創作出新的作品。”

何占豪的作息是這樣的,晚上8點多晚飯,吃過睡覺,睡到晚上10點起來開工作曲,到凌晨兩三點,再睡到早上7點多。而下午4點半到5點,是他的鍛煉時間。過去跑步打籃球都行,現在就快走。

講話時,何占豪手里其實捏著一個稿子,但他一點不看,一口氣說了20分鐘。閻惠昌真是太了解他了,“太有煽動性”——這種煽動,是因為動情。

“我想對媒體、對學生們,再講講為什么《梁祝》會出自我這樣一個人之手,不可思議。因為我17歲才接觸小提琴,18歲才開始拉小提琴,全國有這么多音樂世家,為什么會出自我這樣一個浙江越劇團普通演奏者之手,什么道理?”

(二)

關于《梁祝》的問世,何占豪在這60年里,有一句反復說起的名言:“沒有越劇就沒有《梁祝》。”

他是浙江諸暨人,聽著越劇和紹劇長大。12歲到杭州,進了浙江文工團當演員,后來轉入浙江省越劇團樂隊,學習小提琴。

“我們是新中國第一代青年人。當時有這樣一句話:中國一窮二白,但是一張白紙上可以畫最美的圖畫。這句話激勵了我們這批年輕人——浙江越劇團16個人。我們這批小青年就對作曲老師講,我們創作民族音樂也可以把世界樂器拿過來,我們的樂器不要這么單一,要向西方學習。這樣我們的樂隊才開始學習小提琴。”

小提琴和民樂混搭在一起演奏,在當年讓人不敢置信,太叛逆了。團里有一批演員也反對:你們停止吧,你們破壞了越劇風格!

何占豪當時想,這個樂器這么好聽,怎么會破壞越劇風格?何占豪當時很懊惱,因為不能改革探索了。“我很苦悶,那時候學小提琴也不容易,杭州一個小提琴老師也沒有,我是找到了之江大學的語文老師,在那位業余(音樂)老師那邊學的。”

這時,在何占豪眼中《梁祝》問世的真正的源頭,著名二胡演奏家賀仁忠出現了。

他對何占豪說,你不要難受,反對不一定對,讓我來教你小提琴如何體現民族風格。

這位麻辣教師親自教何占豪如何用小提琴拉《二泉映月》。

1957年夏天,何占豪考入上海音樂學院,成為管弦系小提琴專業的一名學生。

大家很都奇怪,這個人怎么會用小提琴去拉《二泉映月》?

“其實我在音樂學院,小提琴水平倒數第三名,但說到演出用小提琴拉《二泉映月》,只有我能獨奏,他們都給我伴奏,包括俞麗拿在內。”

當時的小提琴曲子中,沒有什么中國作品。所以何占豪有一個想法,就是想讓老百姓聽懂小提琴。

為了探索民族風格的現代音樂創作,1958年初,上音管弦系選拔“尖子生”,組成“小提琴民族化實驗小組”,成員包括何占豪、俞麗拿、丁芷諾、沈西蒂、張欣、朱英等。

“所以我為什么會用小提琴拉越劇,并且把這種風格傳到上海音樂學院,源頭在浙江。所以《梁祝》是中國音樂界、戲曲界幾代人的勞動成果,是集體智慧的結晶,我何占豪真的沒有什么。”

(三)

中華人民共和國國慶十周年前夕,“實驗小組”討論搞一個小提琴協奏曲給共和國獻禮。當時,“實驗小組”上報了三個選題,《女民兵》《大煉鋼鐵》和《梁祝》。何占豪提議的《梁祝》排在最末,按照時代背景來說,大家都認為前兩個入選的可能性要遠遠大于《梁祝》。

“當時我們的黨委書記叫孟波,是延安來的老作曲家,他毫不猶豫地在《梁祝》上畫了一個鉤。他說何占豪既會越劇,又會小提琴,只有這個有希望。”何占豪感嘆,沒有孟波的一槌定音,也就不會有《梁祝》。

然而,這在當時是一種冒風險的選擇——拿西洋樂器演奏中國樂曲,洋不洋、中不中,好像是在糟蹋高雅藝術。

組織“實驗小組”的管弦系老師劉品鼓勵何占豪大膽探索民族的交響樂。

“當時,劉品帶我們‘實驗小組成員赴溫州慰問解放軍。他和我睡一間房,晚上促膝交談到深夜。”第二天一早,劉品有事先回上海。何占豪一覺醒來,看到桌上放著一盆橘子,盆底壓了一張老師留下的紙條。萌老頭愛拿這件事開玩笑:領導苦口婆心地做思想工作,還“做到了床上”。

于是,何占豪與同小組的丁芷諾合作,開始創作《梁祝》協奏曲。

在浙江越劇團樂隊工作多年,許多熟悉的越劇旋律都在他的腦子里,比如“同窗三載”小快板主題,就是根據他以前寫的越劇折子戲“跑驢”中的一段插曲改編而成的。

小的段落有了,但全曲攝人心魄的著力點在哪里?

上海人民大舞臺當時在上演尹派越劇《紅樓夢》。為了搜集創作素材,他接連幾個晚上都去聽。尹桂芳那句“林……妹……妹……呀”,一下子觸動了何占豪。他用具有戲曲風格的演奏手法,在小提琴上反復試奏,創作了全曲的核心:《梁祝》愛情主題。

《梁祝》愛情主題和三載同窗副題都寫出來了,但是小的合奏寫好后,大的管弦樂隊的配器他們不會寫。

當時,他找到作曲系的陳鋼來幫忙。

1959年2月,何占豪與陳鋼正式合作,對樂曲的曲式進行了重新規劃,旋律部分主要由何占豪寫,鋼琴伴奏和樂隊伴奏部分由陳鋼寫。

初稿完成之后,他們到院里演奏,何占豪拉提琴,陳鋼彈鋼琴伴奏,到祝英臺投墳殉情就結束了。

孟波問:“為什么沒有化蝶?”

何占豪回:“人死了不會化蝶,我們年輕人不相信迷信。”孟波就對他們說,還是要加上“化蝶”,這是一種浪漫主義的寫作,也是我們的傳統。這才有了尾聲中的一段“化蝶”,纏綿悱惻又充滿新生力量。

1959年5月4日,《梁祝》在上海音樂學院大禮堂首次試演,就是3天前何占豪給陳鋼打電話的那個畫面。

5月27日,《梁祝》在上海蘭心劇院首次公演,參加上海市音樂舞蹈會演(即“上海之春”的前身)。新作首次對外公演,選誰來演奏也是一個問題。當時有兩個人選,一位是“實驗小組”的俞麗拿,另一位是她的同班同學沈榕。

何占豪是這樣描述兩位同學的:俞麗拿的演奏充滿了激情,但音準略有欠缺;沈榕音準沒問題,但激情不如余麗拿。

考慮到新作品需要用激情來打動聽眾,最終決定俞麗拿首演,上音學生管弦樂隊協奏,指揮系的四年級學生樊承武指揮。

當最后一個音符落下,臺下靜默幾秒后,霎時掌聲雷鳴。

主創人員們在臺上謝幕多次,掌聲還是響個不停。“因為是新作品音樂會,我們根本就沒有準備返場曲目。最后沒轍了,只好把整首曲子從頭到尾再來一遍。兩遍加起來,一共拉了50分鐘。”俞麗拿說,這是她唯一一次在舞臺上把同一支曲子演奏了兩遍。

從這天起,《梁祝》風靡全國。當年26歲的何占豪作為主創之一,也成了家喻戶曉的名人。信像雪片一樣飛來,“連俄羅斯姑娘都寫信來追求我。”

(四)

如今,何占豪還在創作《梁祝》。民族音樂現代化,是他說了一輩子的話,也是他一生的追求,他將《梁祝》改編成了高胡、二胡、琵琶和古箏協奏曲。前段時間,群體古箏加鋼琴的新版《梁祝》在上海亮相。

26歲,因為《梁祝》,“一曲成名”的故事真的發生在這個又帥又有才的年輕人身上,但這個符號,也讓何占豪這么多年來有苦說不出。

“其實很不公平,《梁祝》不能概括我的一切。因為《梁祝》太有名了,它的盛名把我的《莫愁女》《孔雀東南飛》《別亦難》等一大批作品湮沒了。”有一次,有位香港記者來采訪,問起他的其他作品。“我說你知道《別亦難》是誰寫的嗎?他說是徐小鳳唱的,我說那是我寫的。”那位記者非常驚訝:“我不知道啊,那是你寫的啊?”

“彈指一揮間,轉眼60年,前浪推后浪,我的學生都成了今天的大師,指揮大師、作曲大師、一流的演奏家。自己年輕的時候培養了一批能給國家挑大梁、帶動國家藝術水平的藝術家,他們能在今天國家的藝術活動中發揮這樣的作用,這是我最高興的一件事。”

他看著身邊齊齊坐著的一排學生,繼續說——

“雖然你們都是大師,但我希望我們當年的那種探索的精神你們不要丟掉。不但自己要這樣做,希望你們把這種精神一代代傳下去。我相信我們中國的音樂文化,在你們一代或再下一代會達到世界先進水平。‘越是民族的越是世界的,這話只對一半,只有把民族的藝術提高到世界先進水平,才能對人類有所貢獻。”

(圖片除署名由新華社及視覺中國提供)

86-Year-Old Composer Talks about 60-Year-Old Violin Concerto

Text by Ma Li, Yang Lin

The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the creation and debut of the violin concerto? (Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai or simply Liang & Zhu as known to most Chinese music lovers).

In early May 2019, a series of activities was held in Hangzhou in commemoration of the 60 years of the concerto. The 86-year-old He (the surname in Chinese is pronounced most like “her” in English) Zhanhao came to Hangzhou. He not only attended a forum on the composition, but also conducted at a concert that featured his other major compositions. Three concerts were held commemoratively. One featured Hes compositions. One presented works by Hes students. One highlighted Hes compositions for , a Chinese stringed instrument.

He Zhanhao is a legend. A native of Zhuji in Shaoxing where Yueju Opera originated and flourished, he grew up fully exposed to the beauty of Yueju Opera and Shaoju Opera arias. He came to Hangzhou at 12 and became an artist. He joined the band of Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe and began to learn violin. At that time, there were 16 young musicians at the troupe. They proposed that western instruments could also be used to accompany Yueju Opera arias. They actually did it. But they ran into strong opposition. The mixed sound of Chinese and western instruments puzzled many people. Some artists said violin ruined the style of Yueju Opera. He Zhanhao was disheartened and disappointed. “How could such a beautiful sound ruin the Yueju Opera style?” He couldnt find a convincing answer. At that time, he was taking violin lessons from a language teacher at Zhijiang University. Then he met He Renzhong, a famed? instrumentalist. “Dont lose heart. Their objection doesnt mean they are right. Let me teach you how to play the Chinese traditional style on the violin,” said the teacher encouragingly. He Renzhong taught He Zhanhao how to play , a famed? masterpiece. In the summer of 1957, he got accepted by Shanghai Conservatory of Music as a violin major. Professionally, he was one of the poorest violinists in the department. But when it came to the performance of? on the violin, he was the only one who could do it. His teachers and classmates all wondered how he would have chosen to play a traditional? masterpiece on the violin in the traditional Chinese style.

The creation of the concerto sounds like a legend, too. In early 1958, some violinists organized themselves into an experimental group with the aim of creating violin compositions in the traditional Chinese style. The group came up with three composition proposals. The first proposal picked a theme that would sing of militia women; the second would be an ode to the nations massive drive to boost steel production; the third idea was Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, proposed by He Zhanhao. The CPC secretary of the department Meng Bo, a veteran composer who had worked at Yanan, the headquarters base of the communists during Chinas war of resistance against Japanese aggression, took a look at the three proposals and picked Hes idea. Meng explained his decision later this way: He Zhanhao, a violinist with wide-range knowledge of Yueju Opera arias, was the only hope of making something unusual. He Zhanhao wrote separate pieces based on the Yueju Opera arias which he was extremely familiar with. He worked in collaboration with Ding Zhinuo, a member of the experimental group. With some pieces written, He wanted to write a theme that would best portray the romance. After watching Yueju Opera play? at Shanghai Peoples Theater for several nights on a roll, he found his inspiration. He tried the melody out on the violin repeatedly until it was perfect. With all the melodies ready, he needed someone who could write a full score for a symphony orchestra. He went to Chen Gang for assistance. A student composer at the conservatory, Chen wrote a score for piano and a score for a symphony orchestra. In February, the two young composers were ready to present their work for audition. He Zhanhao played the composition on the violin, accompanied on piano by Chen Gang. Meng Bo asked why the piece did not have the traditional finale in which Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai become butterflies and fly away together happily. He Zhanhao explained he deliberately left it out because he feared it might be associated with superstition. Meng said the butterfly metamorphosis part was necessary for the composition, for it not only added a final touch of romance to the ethos of the composition but also highlighted the essence of Chinese tradition. So the last part was added. On May 4th, 1959, the concerto was first performed at the concert hall on the campus. Three days before the concertos public debut at Lyceum Theater, Yu Lina was picked to be the solo violin. The public debut brought down the house and the audience burst into a long standing ovation. The composers and musicians answered the curtain call several times. As they hadnt expected such a sensational success, the orchestra hadnt prepared any encore. So the orchestra gave the performance for the second time. He Zhanhao made his name overnight. The concerto became a national hit and went international. It has long been a signature masterpiece of Chinese music.

Today, He Zhanhao thinks he owes the colossal success to Yueju Opera, an opera genre that touched his heart when he grew up, to the combined efforts of Chinese musicians and opera artists in many generations.

He Zhanhao as a composer has many regrets, however. He regrets that his other music works are unfairly eclipsed by the fame of the concerto he composed in collaboration with Chen Gang when he was just a 26-year-old student. Over the past six decades, many of his students have grown up to be prominent conductors and composers and musicians. They are now prominent masters.

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