福綏境胡同50號院，北京，中國

郝石盟，張悅，黃唐子/HAO Shimeng, ZHANG Yue, HUANG Tangzi

作者單位：清華大學建筑學院

開間更新

北京老城在歷經若干輪的拆遷和騰退疏解后，仍將有大量原住居民主動或被動地選擇長期居住于此（圖1、2），這部分居民面臨著兩個方面的問題——高密度低質量的居住環境和復雜化碎片化的房屋產權屬性。“開間更新”就是在此語境下提出的一種老城微更新路徑，即在一開間所限定的空間單元與產權單元內，通過預制裝配式模塊的置入（包括衛浴模塊、廚房模塊、收納模塊等），對生活核心功能進行最大化集成；通過淺下挖以及搭建夾層，實現空間效率和居住品質的提升。同時在院落內置入公共品屬性的廚廁和收納模塊，用以置換現有院落中的居民自建房，建立院落公約并納入物業管理。隨著新一代老城居民生活方式的改變、人口密度的逐步降低，對這些模塊的需求量會逐漸降低并移除，恢復原有院落格局和較高的室外空間品質，實現柔性置換。

福綏境50號院試點

作為白塔寺再生計劃的一部分，“開間更新”模式自2017年1月開始在福綏境胡同50號院進行了試點建設（圖3-6）。試點建設的意圖一是向周邊居民展示就地改善的可能性，二是調整設計中可能存在的問題，三是對未來相關支持政策的制定進行意見征詢。因此福綏境50號院從施工階段開始就面向在地居民開放參觀，并在2017年9月主體施工完成后至今，持續接待居民參觀、試住工作：在2017-2018北京設計周期間接待參觀達500人次，包括本地居民120戶以上，對37戶居民的訪談做了記錄備忘；示范院西開間通過居民自愿申請的方式提供短期試住的機會（每輪試住為期一周），已先后有11戶共計22人次參與了短期試住；東開間為一對年輕夫妻提供了長期試住，通過試住過程居民反饋了豐富而有益的建議。同時項目組還對東開間主要空間的室內溫濕度進行了為期一年的連續監測，對改造后的室內物理環境和舒適度進行評價（圖7）。

環境性能測試

在保護老城傳統風貌的同時，如何提升建筑的環境性能和居住的舒適性，是項目組期望通過福綏境50號院項目探討的一個重要議題。改造中增設了屋面保溫以提升熱工性能；提高了南向透明圍護結構的比例，以增加自然采光和冬季被動式得熱的機會；二層夾層在南北兩側留有自然通風的路徑通過歷時近一年的環境現場實測證實了這些策略的有效性（圖8、9），但同時也發現仍待改進的設計細節：夏季空氣溫度和濕度在二層夾層的頂部顯著增高，人在夾層空間站立時，可明顯感知頭部和腳部的溫度梯度，因此宜設置頂部自然通風帶走溫度以及濕度的蓄積。同時冬季散熱器和夏季空調位置的設置，也需進一步考慮促進熱空氣和冷空氣在整個室內空間的有效循環，避免二層過熱或一層過冷的情況出現（圖10、11）。

居民試住反饋

得益于項目的開放性，項目團隊通過居民參觀和試住過程獲得了大量的反饋（圖12-15）。居民對居住條件在地改善與院落整治的效果表示非常認同，特別認可通過夾層增加原有空間利用效率的策略，并重點關注了戶型的合理性、造價和補貼方式，以及拆違政策等等。通過試住過程將建筑回歸生活的日常性之后，設計中的一些問題也得以凸顯。首先是私密性的考慮：從促進通風采光角度，二層夾層欄板原采用了視線通透的欄桿，但為保證夾層作為睡眠空間的私密性，需要增設約40cm的圍擋。衛生間為使空間利用更加集約化，原本使用了與馬桶一體化的手盆，但日常生活中盥洗空間使用頻率非常高，這樣的一體化潔具缺乏便利性，將在未來進行翻轉式手盆的改進設計。除了對設計細節的調整外，試點項目的更大意義還在于提升了周邊居民對“開間更新”模式的關注和了解，在參觀和試住后，先后有9戶居民表達了愿意參與開間更新的意愿并簽署了意向書。

2 社區居民人居環境現狀/Living environment of residents

3 改造后入口/Entrance after renovation

4 改造后內景/Interior views after renovation

5 改造后內景/Interior views after renovation

6 改造后內景/Interior views after renovation

“草根”的效仿

福綏境50號院試點實施后，在白塔寺片區陸續出現了若干以其為空間原型的居民自發改造項目（圖16-21）。在這些居民自發改造的案例中，不乏民間智慧的涌動，特別是在上述提到的與生活的日常性產生錯位的設計上，居民自發進行了設計改良。包括空調機位置的調整，甚至是全屋新風系統的置入，二層欄板處也加強了私密性的處理，樓梯下部空間空間利用方式也極具多樣性，居民對于開放廚房也呈現出較高的接受度（圖22-26）。“開間更新”試點項目在這個意義上起到了真的帶動作用。

公眾對轉基因食品的態度。在我國，民眾對轉基因食品還存在比較高的質疑，一方面主要是轉基因的技術相對不夠成熟，存在著許多未知因素，人們對轉基因食品的疑慮還難以消除；另一方面是人們對轉基因產品在認知水平上有一定的界限，以及對公眾機構體制機制的信任度下降，導致對轉基因存在著安全疑慮，接受程度相對較低。

Bay Renewal

After several rounds of demolition and evacuation in the old city of Beijing, there will still be a large number of indigenous residents who choose to settle down here actively or passively for a long time (Fig. 1.2). These residents are confronted with two problems: the living environment in high density but low quality, and complicated fragmented property right attribution. Bay Renewal is a path for micro update of the old city proposed in such a context, that is, to maximise the integration of core functions of life through the placement of prefabricated assembly modules that include bathroom module, kitchen module and receiving module in the limited space unit and property unit of a bay; and to improve space efficiency and living quality through shallow digging and building interlayers. Meanwhile, the module of kitchen and toilet and the receiving module with the attribute of public goods are inlaid in the courtyard to replace the residential self-built houses in the existing courtyard, set up the courtyard convention and incorporate it into property management content.With the change of life style of the new generation of residents in the old city and the gradual shrinkage of population, the demand for these modules will be gradually reduced and removed. In this regard,the original courtyard pattern with higher quality of outdoor space will be recovered to achieve flexible replacement.

Pilot project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong

As part of the Baitasi's Renewal Plan, the Bay Renewal model has been in pilot construction at No.50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong since January 2017 (Fig. 3-6). The purpose of the pilot project is to show the possibility of local improvement to the surrounding residents, to solve the possible problems in the design, and to ask for opinions on the formulation of future supportive policies.Therefore, No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong has been open to local residents since its construction stage, continuously receiving the residents for visits and trial living from the completion of main body construction in September 2017 till now. During Beijing Design Week period from 2017 to 2018, 500 visitors were received here, including more than 120 households of local residents, among which 37 were interviewed with minutes. The west bay of the demonstrative yard provided opportunities for short-term trial living through resident's voluntary application for one week for each round of trial living, and 22 people from 11 households successively participated in the short-term trial living. Meanwhile, the west bay provided a longterm trial living for a young couple, with feedback from the residents for useful suggestions through the trial living process. Besides, the project team also continuously monitored the indoor temperature and humidity of the main space of the east bay throughout a year and evaluated the indoor physical environment and comfort level in the renovated houses (Fig. 7).

挑戰墨西哥和白人文化中根深蒂固的父權價值體系（Madsen,2000:2）是塞利亞文化身份建構的另一關鍵。

7 空氣溫度及相對濕度測點布置/Location of measuring points of air temperature and relative humidity

8 各測點夏季典型日空氣溫度波動（2018年8月20-26日）/Indoor air temperature in summer (20th -26th August, 2018)

9 各測點冬季典型日空氣溫度波動（2019年1月7-13日）/Indoor air temperature in winter (7th -13th January, 2019)

10 夏季典型日無空調（16:00）/有空調（21:00）時段溫度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without air conditioning (16:00)/with air conditioning (21:00)on typical days in summer

11 夏季典型日無采暖（16:00）/有采暖（21:00）時段溫度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without heating (16:00)/with heating (21:00) on typical days in summer

后記

居民：我們的房子是2018年改造的，整個工期大概半年左右。現在一家3口人住，我兒子住西邊面那間屋子，那間也做了同樣的改造。這個房本身比較高，大概有3m多，之前是尖屋頂，從尖上算（高）有3.2m左右。2018年改的時候拿掉了尖頂，做了加層。當時本來還想做厚點，能找齊的都找齊一點，最后上面那層人就有點直不起腰。不過上面那層就睡覺，然后擺了電腦桌，榻榻米什么的，打掃起來也還方便（圖21左）。地面沒有往下刨，刨的話，墻又不行，還要往外拉渣土，成本很高。所以我想這么高差不多就行了，不用花太多錢。

評論

本次研究的病死豬無害化處理系統主要采用BS結構開發，開發環境基于SqlServer 2005數據庫、微軟Visual Studio 2008、AJAX技術、Silvrelight技術、Css+Div控制技術、PS設計[2]。整個系統采用可視化操作平臺和多種應用相互兼容，能實現二次開發，整個結構體系體現了模塊化功能，容易推廣應用，拓展性更強。

居民：網上。但有些看照片就不著調，我們選的這家是去看了他正在施工的現場，和他之前干過的活兒，有兩三處，都做的不錯。我發現做這個，就得費心的琢磨，平房不像樓房那么規整，但好好想想的話有時候弄得也挺好。

霧霾問題引起了社會的廣泛關注，也使部分人的生活受到影響。霧霾出現的時間長、范圍廣,主要由二氧化硫、氮氧化合物和可吸入顆粒物組成。其中可吸入顆粒物使霧霾加重，嚴重影響了農業和工業生產。國家為了做好大氣污染防治工作，實施了一系列措施。例如家庭供暖煤改氣工程和工廠電力代替燒煤的方案，整治“散亂污”企業，關停重污染企業，加大了對企業的審查力度。倡導低碳經濟是經濟發展的趨勢，我國防治大氣污染的體系逐漸完善，但在碳排放信息披露方面，尚無明確的體系，存在各種碳信息披露缺陷，且同行業之間碳會計披露方式也沒有具體統一的標準，加大了環境治理工作的難度[1]。

小微企業中也存在著行業差距，對于不同類型和規模的企業也需要制定不同的稅收優惠政策。在進行增值稅起征點的時候，需要考慮到收入上的差異。例如：對于軟件開發企業，日常收入并不高，對這類企業可以使用目前的標準；對于工業企業，日常收入比較高，那么需要提高征收點。同時將增值稅起征點變成免征額，避免出現稅負不公平的現象。另外也需要根據發展差異制定政策，對于前景好和繼續扶持的企業提供不同的政策，讓稅負得到減輕。

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: In the historic area of Beijing old city, it is not unusual for every household to have only one smallest living unit with a building area of only ten square metres. The concept of "Bay renewal" is based on the low-cost transformation of the smallest living unit, and explores the solution of kitchen, bathroom and storage and other basic living space by means of modularisation and prefabrication. The contribution of this project is that it breaks through the limitation of what we now acknowledge as architecture, and suggests a flexible renewal approach. Moreover,the public rental module proposed by the project is reversible, which can not only solve the current problem of people who originally live here, but also provide the possibility to restore the spatial pattern of the courtyards. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

12 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

13 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

14 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

15 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

16 廚房模塊與日常使用/Kitchen module and daily usage

17 居民試住（17.18 圖片來源：白塔寺再生計劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

18 居民試住（17.18 圖片來源：白塔寺再生計劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

19 居民試住（17.18 圖片來源：白塔寺再生計劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

20 示范院平面/Floor plan of demonstrative courtyard

Environmental performance test

While protecting the traditional style and features of the old city, how to improve the environmental performance of building and the comfort of dwelling is an important topic that the project team expected to discuss through the project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong.In the renovation, roof insulation was added to improve thermal performance, the proportion of southward transparent enveloping structure was increased to raise natural daylighting and passive heat gain in winter, and natural ventilation path was maintained on the north and south sides of the twolayer sandwich to verify the effectiveness of these strategies by means of field measurement of the environment for nearly one year (Fig. 8.9). However,it was also found that the design details still need to be improved. In summer, the air temperature and humidity increasingly grow at the top of the twolayer sandwich. When people stand in the sandwich space, they can clearly perceive the temperature gradient of their head and feet. Therefore, it is advisable to set the top natural ventilation to take away the accumulated temperature and humidity.Meanwhile, the location of the radiator for winter and the air conditioner for summer shall be further considered to promote the effective circulation of hot and cold air in the whole indoor space, so as to avoid the occurrence of overheating at the second layer and supercooling at the first layer (Fig. 10.11).

Feedback from residents for trial living

Thanks to the openness of the project, the project team received a lot of feedback from the residents during visits and trial living (Fig. 12-15).The residents agreed on the field improvement of living conditions and the effect of yard renovation,especially on the strategy of increasing the original space utilization efficiency through the interlayer,and paid attention to the rationality of household type, the way of cost and subsidy and the policy of dismantling illegally established houses. After returning the building functions to daily life through the trial living assessment, some problems in the design were also highlighted. F