超越場所營造

蒂姆·斯通納

場所營造是空間規劃與設計的藝術與科學，是為人的活動服務的，不過其方式有不同選擇：

由一個主體實施（常常這并不是個好的路徑），或由多個主體負責（這經常是個好方法）。

由學者、專家和非專業人士來承擔。

然而，超越場所營造是“場所勞作”“場所使用”或“場所行為”。當規劃、設計和建造任務完成之后，場所需要得以運營。此時，需要在場所之中注入“神奇之水”，即人們的活動。

實現上述目標的關鍵是人們之間的交流互通：每天社會經濟的交易都發生在人們之間，這不僅維持日常生活，而且帶來了創新，影響著文化的形成。

場所行為具有多重維度。在實踐之中，我已經看到了7個維度。

第一，創新人們之間的交流，將場所視為“交流機器”，以此來使用場所。場所的首要功能就是為人們的交流和交易創造條件（圖1）。

第二，降低交通速度，使得人們更為容易地獲得場所感。除了考慮到健康和安全的好處，30km/h的限速是提升場所行為的關鍵方法（圖2）。

第三，避免碎片化以及人們之間彼此隔離帶來的風險，這由良好愿望且富有爭議的環境主義者創造出來。如果不然，場所的建造將不會促進人們日常性的交易（圖3）。

第四，提升功能，考慮單一功能的可塑性，從而避免創造出單一功能用地的場所。這包括兩部分：一是任何場所之中發生的活動應該不止一種；二是任何場所都必須適應新功能（圖4）。

第五，建立以人為本的主要街道，這將被視為最低標準的場所。在最近的歷史之中，以人為本的主要街道一度不是規劃實踐的一部分，這需要在規劃政策和設計方法之中再次重申（圖5）。

第六，街道網格很重要。如果以高效的人際交流為目標，那么連續的街道網格是基本的輸入機制。如果這樣做，平面整合的城市具有連續互通的鄰里構成，它們通過以人為本的主要街道而連接起來（圖6）。

第七，發展場所的科學理論，場所營造的行業將獲得更好的方法工具，以此去理解場所的價值，并制訂出政策和方案，從而實現場所的行為。我們越是研究場所（包括它們的街道網絡與使用模式），就越能理解它們的價值。空間布局彼此通暢，一般都可提升房地產價值。這就意味著政策的出臺和方案的生成需要考慮如何有效地促進人們的行為活動，以此來回報投資。直到場所科學理論得以建構，場所營造才可類比于1610年伽利略的行為，他試圖理解月球表面的詳細情況，而不再依賴視覺去評判。我們還需要研究空間探秘的新科學，這次先聚焦于場所（圖7，圖8）。

圖1 / Figure 1交流交易空間 / Interaction and transaction space

圖2 / Figure 2降低交通速度 / Reduce traffic speed

圖3 / Figure 3避免碎片化和隔離 / Avoiding fragmentation and separation

圖4 / Figure 4提升功能 / Enhancing functionality

圖5 / Figure 5以人為本的街道 / People-centred main streets

圖6 / Figure 6規劃街道網格 / Planing grids

圖7 / Figure 7碎片化、聯通的城市發展 / The fragmented “city” of disconnected developments and the integrated city of continuously connected neighbourhoods

圖8 / Figure 8現狀和規劃 / Existing and Proposed

圖9 / Figure 9碎片化和聯通式布局評價結果 / The score of Disconnected layout and Connected layout

圖10 / Figure 10月球表面 / Detailed surface of the Moon

圖11 / Figure 11發展科學的場所理論 / Develop a science of place

ORIGINAL TEXT IN ENGLISH

Beyond placemaking

Tim Stonor

Placemaking is the art and science of planning and designing spaces for human activity, however that is done:

-by a single hand (usually not a good approach) or by multiple hands (usually a good approach)

-by academics, professionals and non-professionals.

But beyond placemaking is “place working”, or“place functioning”, or “place performance”: when the planning, design and construction work is finished and the place becomes operational. When it fills with the mysterious liquid called human behaviour, and key to which is human transaction: the everyday social and economic exchanges that take place between people - these transactions not only sustain lives but bring about inventions that shape cultures.

Place Performance has many dimensions. Here are seven that I have seen work in practice:

1.Creating transactions between people, using places as “Transaction machines”. The first function of a place is to create the conditions for human interaction and transaction.

2.Reducing traffic speed and making it easier for people to be in places. Alongside its health and safety benefits, a 30km/h speed limit is a key method to enhance Place Performance.

3.Avoiding fragmentation and the risk of over separation among people, created by well-intended but divisive environmentalism. If not, places will be built where there is little everyday human tranisaction.

4.Enhancing functionality so that, as with single use plastics, we avoid the creation of single use places. This has two parts: first, that there should be more than one activity happening in any place and second, that any place should be adaptable to new uses.

5.Building people-centred main streets as the lowest common denominator of place. The people-centred main street has not been part of urban planning practice in recent history and needs to be reinstated in planning policies as well as in the toolkit of designers.

6.Planing grids because, if effective human transaction is the goal, then the continuously connected grid of streets is the fundamental input mechanism.In so doing, plan integrated cities of continuously connected neighbourhoods, bound together by people-centred main streets.

7.Developing a science of place so that the Placemaking industries are provided with better tools to a) understand the value of place and b) create the policies & plans that will deliver Place Performance. The more we study places- their street networks and their use patterns -the more we understand their value. Connected layouts generally create higher property values.Knowing this means that policies and plans can be presented in terms of how effectively their human performance will deliver a return on investment.Until there is an established science of Place, the Placemaking industries are acting like Galileo in 1610, trying to understand the detailed surface of the Moon with little better than his eyesight. We need a new science of space exploration – focusing this time on place.