鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理的正式制度—非正式制度耦合分析

古倩華 郭璞若 趙渺希

摘要：鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會是一個開放演化的具有耦合作用的網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)，隨著治理理念從“一元”向“多元”變化，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理中的正式制度與非正式制度的運行界域也發(fā)生了改變。本文以廣東省河源市和平縣林寨古村作為研究對象，從正式制度和非正式制度的角度對其鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理的運作機制展開探討。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：正式制度方面，包括鎮(zhèn)政府在內(nèi)的行政機關(guān)在治理中占主導地位，村民委員會的村民自治職能被削弱的同時，普通村民基于土地資本成為了一支重要力量；非正式制度方面，鎮(zhèn)政府通過成立企業(yè)的方式加速資金的周轉(zhuǎn)，具有公信力的鄉(xiāng)村能人在旅游開發(fā)公司擔任要職，但人情社會中不規(guī)范的交換導致的權(quán)益受損問題仍然存在。研究最后分析了鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理中正式制度和非正式制度的運行界域及二者的耦合機制，對鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理模式進行討論與展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理；多主體參與；正式制度；非正式制度；耦合分析；林寨古村

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1009-1483.2019.04.009 中圖分類號：TU984.2

文章編號：1009-1483（2019）04-0060-07 文獻標識碼：A

Analysis of the Coupling of Formal and Informal Institutions in the Township Governance： A Case Study of Linzhai Village， Heyuan City， Guandong Province

GU Qianhua， GUO Puruo， ZHAO Miaoxi

[Abstract] The township society is an open and evolutionary network system with coupling. As the governance concept changes from "unitary" to "pluralistic"， the operational boundaries of formal and informal institutions in township governance have also changed. Taking Linzhai Village in Heyuan City as example， this study discusses the operation mechanism of township governance from the perspective of formal and informal institutions. The study found that： in the formal institutions， the administrative organs including the town government dominated the governance， and the villagers’ self-governing functions of the village committees were weakened. At the same time， the ordinary villagers became an important force based on the land capital； in the informal institutions， the town government accelerates the turnover of funds through establishing a company， in which the reputable rural people hold important positions. However， the problem of damage to rights caused by irregular exchanges still exists. The study finally analyzes the operational boundaries of formal and informal institutions as well as the coupling mechanism of the two-subject in the township governance， while discussing and forecasting the township governance mode.

[Keywords] township governance； multi-agent participation； formal institution； informal institution； coupling analysis； Linzhai Village

引言

伴隨著工業(yè)化、城市化的沖擊，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會逐步轉(zhuǎn)型的同時也面臨許多新的問題。傳統(tǒng)治理體系下的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府作為行政體系的末端，難以調(diào)和現(xiàn)代鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會復雜的利益關(guān)系，來自市場和社會的多方力量開始逐漸介入鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理，治理主體正從“一元”向“多元”轉(zhuǎn)變。治理主體的變化帶來了正式制度和非正式制度運行界域的改變，如何調(diào)適二者的關(guān)系，促進良性互動，從而保證鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)社會良好的政治秩序是如今的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)治理必須面對的議題。……