康春博 李文強 鄭建偉 王德仲 林大鵬 陳秀峰 劉雪凱 曲軍

[摘要] 目的 探討不同病理類型急性闌尾炎患者圍術期的炎性反應變化及其對術前診斷的臨床意義。 方法 回顧性分析2015年6月~2017年1月航天中心醫院126例急性闌尾炎患者圍術期的臨床資料,對比分析急性單純性闌尾炎(ASA,A組)、急性化膿性闌尾炎(APA,B組)、急性壞疽性闌尾炎(AGA,C組)患者術前和術后d1、d3、d5部分炎性反應指標:最高體溫(HBT)、外周血白細胞計數(WBC)、中性粒細胞百分比(NE%)、外周血中性粒細胞/淋巴細胞比值(NLR)、超敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP)、降鈣素原(PCT)。 結果 三組術后炎性反應指標隨著時間推移逐漸降低,術后d1、d3、d5各炎性指標顯著低于術前,術后d3、d5低于術后d1,且術后d5低于術后d3,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。術前,C組HBT、WBC、hs-CRP、PCT明顯高于A組及B組(P < 0.05)。術后d1、d3、d5,A組與B組各項指標差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。C組術后d1、d5的WBC、NE%、hs-CRP、PCT、NLR均明顯高于A組、B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05);C組術后d3的WBC、NLR、hs-CRP、PCT均明顯高于A組、B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 各種炎性反應指標對急性闌尾炎的診斷起到非常重要的作用,有利于術前對AGA診斷,以便判斷急性闌尾炎的病情,并作出及時處理。AGA患者術后各項炎性反應指標恢復較慢,具有較高的感染相關并發癥發生率。
[關鍵詞] 炎性反應;病理類型;急性闌尾炎;圍術期
[中圖分類號] R656.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(b)-0152-04
Comparison of inflammatory response in the perioperative period of acute appendicitis with different pathological types
KANG Chunbo1? ?LI Wenqiang1? ?ZHENG Jianwei1? ?WANG Dezhong1? ?LIN Dapeng1? ?CHEN Xiufeng1? ?LIU Xuekai2? ?QU Jun1
1.General Surgery Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing? ?100049, China; 2.Clinical Laboratory Department, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing? ?100049, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the changes of perioperative inflammatory response in patients with different pathological types of acute appendicitis and its clinical significance for preoperative diagnosis. Methods The perioperative clinical data of 126 patients with acute appendicitis in the Aerospace Center Hospital from June 2015 to January 2017 was analyzed retrospectively. The inflammatory response indicators of patients with acute simple appendicitis (ASA, group A), acute purulent appendicitis (APA, group B) and acute gangrenous appendicitis (AGA, group C) were compared and analyzed before operation and 1, 3, 5 d after operation. The inflammatory response indicators included the highest body temperature (HBT), peripheral white blood count (WBC), neutrophil percentage (NE%), peripheral blood neutrophil / lymphatic ratio (NLR), high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). Results The indicators of postoperative inflammatory reaction of the three groups decreased gradually with the passage of time. The inflammatory indicators at 1, 3, 5 d after operation were significantly lower than those before operation, the inflammatory indicators at 3, 5 d after operation were lower than those at 1 d after operation, which at 5 d after operation were lower than those at 3 d after operation, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before operation, HBT, WBC, hs-CRP, PCT of group C were higher than those of group A and group B (P < 0.05). The inflammatory indicators had no statistically significant differences between group A and group B at 1, 3, 5 d after operation (P > 0.05). The WBC, NE%, hs-CRP, PCT and NLR in group C were significantly higher than those in group A and group B at 1, 5 d after operation, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05); the WBC, NLR, hs-CRP and PCT in group C were significantly higher than those in group A and group B at 3 d after operation, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Conclusion The indicators of inflammatory response play a very important role in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and it is helpful for diagnosing AGA before operation, so as to determine the conditions of acute appendicitis and deal with the condition promptly. The inflammatory response of patients with AGA has a relatively slow recovery and a higher incidence of infection-related complications.
[Key words] Inflammatory response; Pathological type; Acute appendicitis; Perioperative period
腹腔感染及手術創傷可引起一系列的炎性反應,通過炎性反應通路的活化,引起各種細胞因子的釋放,有利于機體對抗感染及創傷的恢復。雖然有關急性闌尾炎患者的炎性反應已有報道[1-3],但主要集中在術前診斷方面,對在術后不同時期進展性反應缺少相關的描述與研究,尤其是在不同病理類型急性闌尾炎之間的對比研究更為鮮見。通過回顧性研究急性闌尾炎患者的臨床資料,了解三種不同病理類型急性闌尾炎患者術前的炎性反應差異,為急性闌尾炎的術前分級提供依據,并通過定期觀察上述各項指標在術前和術后d1、d3、d5的變化,明確其在手術及不同程度腹腔感染后炎性反應的動態變化情況。現將相關內容報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2015年6月~2017年1月航天中心醫院收治的128例腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術患者,其中2例術后病理回報為闌尾黏液癌而再次手術而出組。在126例患者中,男74例,女52例;平均年齡(44±12)歲;轉移性右下腹痛95例,右下腹或下腹部疼痛28例,上腹痛疼痛者3例;平均腹痛時間(26±7)h;91例伴有惡心、嘔吐;術前體檢局限性腹膜炎47例,彌漫性腹膜炎79例;術后病理回報:急性單純性闌尾炎(ASA,A組)17例、急性化膿性闌尾炎(APA,B組)85例、急性壞疽性闌尾炎(AGA,C組)24例。
1.2 納入標準
①因急性闌尾炎而行腹腔鏡闌尾切除術;②同意并簽署知情同意書;③18歲≤年齡≤80歲。
1.3 排除標準
①妊娠婦女或哺乳期婦女;②精神病患者;③存在全麻腹腔鏡手術禁忌證。
1.4 方法
術前均常規檢查:血常規、血生化、超敏C反應蛋白(hs-CRP)、降鈣素原(PCT)及腹部彩超檢查等;根據血常規的中性粒細胞數及淋巴細胞數計算出外周血中性粒細胞/淋巴細胞比值(NLR)。使用Storz腹腔鏡攝像監視系統,在全麻下行腹腔鏡手術治療。建立氣腹后進行初步探查,再次診斷明確后按常規行腹腔鏡闌尾切除術。術后常規禁食水、半臥位、抗感染及對癥支持等治療。分別于術后d1、d3、d5再次抽血行相應檢查。
1.5 觀察指標與療效判定標準
觀察三組最高體溫(HBT)、白細胞計數(WBC)、中性粒細胞百分比(NE%)、NLR、hs-CRP、PCT、切口感染情況、留置腹腔引流管情況和術后腹腔積液情況。切口感染以切口分泌物細菌培養陽性為準,并根據細菌培養藥敏結果選擇敏感抗生素。
1.6 統計學方法
應用SPSS 17.0統計軟件進行統計分析,計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,多組比較采用重復測量方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 三組術后一般狀況
A組17例患者中切口感染0例,留置腹腔引流管1例,術后腹腔積液0例;B組85例患者中切口感染2例,留置腹腔引流管23例,術后腹腔積液4例;C組24例患者中切口感染4例,留置腹腔引流管18例,術后腹腔積液6例。
2.2 三組急性闌尾炎患者手術前后炎性反應指標比較
三組術后炎性反應指標隨著時間推移逐漸降低,術后d1、d3、d5各炎性指標顯著低于術前,術后d3、d5低于術后d1,且術后d5低于術后d3,差異均有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。患者術前,C組HBT、WBC、hs-CRP、PCT明顯高于A組及B組(P < 0.05)。術后d1、d3、d5,A組與B組各項指標比較差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05)。C組術后d1、d5的WBC、NE%、NLR、hs-CRP、PCT均明顯高于A組、B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05);C組術后d3的WBC、NLR、hs-CRP、PCT均明顯高于A組、B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
3 討論
3.1 術前診斷方面
3.1.1 WBC? 急性闌尾炎是最常見的外科急腹癥,一生中的患病風險為7%,有約50%的急性闌尾炎臨床表現不典型,需與其他急腹癥鑒別,全球以前接受闌尾切除術的陰性率為20%~30%[4]。近年來隨著炎性因子與影像學檢查在急腹癥中的廣泛應用,使得闌尾切除術陰性率降至5%~10%[2]。雖然WBC正常不能排除急性闌尾炎診斷,但WBC增高是急性闌尾炎最常見和預期的參數之一[5-6]。本研究中隨著ASA向APA、AGA的轉變,外周血WBC出現進行性升高,說明WBC可以對闌尾炎的嚴重程度起到初步判斷作用;當然如果病情進一步進展,出現膿毒血癥時,可能會出現WBC下降,甚至低于正常[7-9],而此時hs-CRP及NLR顯得尤為重要。
3.1.2 hs-CRP? hs-CRP是非特異性炎癥標志物,在本研究中隨著闌尾炎癥的加重,hs-CRP出現進行性升高;亦有文獻報道hs-CRP值與急性穿孔性闌尾炎密切相關,且不會因為炎癥加重而出現降低[7,9]。因此,hs-CRP被認為是優于WBC的AGA的重要血清學標志物[1,7,9-10]。hs-CRP的敏感性和特異性分別為53%~88%和46%~82%[11,13]。有文獻報道明顯增高的hs-CRP水平(>85 mg/dL)有助于AGA的診斷[11,14],與本研究中術前C組的hs-CRP平均值相符。
3.1.3 NLR? 在急性闌尾炎的診斷中,NLR較WBC及hs-CRP有更高的診斷準確率[12,15]。本研究術前指標中,A組與B組WBC無顯著性差異(P > 0.05),而兩組NLR有顯著性差異(P < 0.05)。當腹腔感染加重,尤其WBC不升高時,NLR值較WBC及hs-CRP值更有意義,并與AGA有著更為密切的關系[10]。因此有人提出,當懷疑急性闌尾炎時,不論WBC增高與否,當NLR升高(≥3.5),同樣有重要的參考意義[16]。NLR診斷AGA的敏感性和特異性分別為73%和39%,尤其是術前NLR>8時[12],與本研究中C組術前NLR值相符。因此,術前NLR>8是急性闌尾炎患者在術前判斷為AGA最有價值的預測指標[12,17]。
3.1.4 PCT? 正常情況血中PCT含量極低。在全身性細菌感染時,PCT很容易在發病后6~12 h內由肺、腎、肝、脂肪細胞和肌肉等產生并急劇上升[18-19]。在闌尾炎早期闌尾壁未破壞時,PCT沒有hs-CRP或WBC等指標敏感[20]。當闌尾發生急性壞疽、穿孔時,細菌及毒素擴散到淋巴和門脈系統時,PCT就會相應升高。有資料表明,高水平PCT有助于AGA診斷[18-19],其特異性優于hs-CRP[20]。本研究中C組術前PCT平均值較A組、B組有顯著性升高,說明高水平的PCT對AGA診斷有高度的特異性。
3.2 術后恢復方面
3.2.1 WBC及NLR? 當機體因炎癥或創傷而發生應激反應時,WBC迅速升高并參與炎性反應;同時各種白細胞比例出現變化,這是應激反應中的一個重要評價指標。闌尾切除術后,患者受到了腹腔感染、腹腔炎癥的清除及手術創傷等三方面因素影響,雖然三方面的影響在不同病理類型急性闌尾炎中所占比例各不相同,但有些共同的臨床表現及化驗結果變化;隨著腹腔炎癥的清除,三組患者的WBC及NLR于術后第1天即開始下降,并隨著時間延長逐步趨向正常范圍;由于C組切口感染及腹腔積液比例較高,致使該組術后WBC及NLR比值下降緩慢,術后第5天仍輕度升高。故對于C組患者在手術操作中,需要加強切口保護、腹腔膿液清除和術區引流,減少切口感染及腹腔積液機會。
3.2.2 hs-CRP? hs-CRP是由IL-6介導的在肝臟中產生的急性時相反應物,是一非特異性炎性因子。在感染、手術、創傷等損傷初期會迅速增高,24~48 h達到高峰,創傷消失或炎癥消退時可迅速降至正常[11,21]。本研究中由于hs-CRP的非特異性及高度的敏感性,雖然腹腔炎癥得以清除,但是由于手術創傷影響,三組hs-CRP在術后1 d均出現不同程度的升高,并隨著腹腔炎癥的消退及創傷影響的恢復,三組hs-CRP值均于術后3、5 d持續下降至正常值上限。由于C組切口感染及腹腔積液比例較高,術后該組hs-CRP下降緩慢,術后5 d仍處于較高水平。
3.2.3 PCT? PCT對炎癥的特異性較強,受手術創傷影響較小,隨著腹腔炎癥清除和感染控制,三組PCT值在術后1 d開始明顯下降,尤其以AGA表現明顯。由于C組切口感染及腹腔積液比例較高,術后5 d PCT仍與其他組有顯著性差異,而另兩組術后第5天恢復至正常。充分說明PCT對AGA的診斷價值,且手術創傷對PCT影響較小[20]。
在闌尾炎診斷和治療中,各種炎性反應指標,如HBT、WBC、NE%、NLR、hs-CRP、PCT起到非常重要的作用,如結合急性炎癥評分系統[3]及影像學檢查,更有助于急性闌尾炎診斷。尤其是HBT、WBC、hs-CRP、PCT有利于術前對AGA診斷,診斷準確率可以達到95%[3];根據臨床表現及相關炎性反應指標,有利于術前評估急性闌尾炎的病理類型,以便更早做出正確診斷及處理,避免因為診斷及處理延誤而增加膿毒血癥的發生率。
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