王雪蓮 郭寶良
摘要:乳腺癌是女性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。生活壓力的增加、精神高度緊張,快餐式飲食習慣及不規律的生活作息方式等因素導致女性乳腺癌發病率逐年升高,其患病率躍居中國女性惡性腫瘤的首位,并且發病呈年輕化趨勢。盡管目前以手術為主的綜合診療已取得了較大進步,但癌癥相關死亡仍是導致患者死亡的主要原因。由于血液學參數具有取材簡便、創傷性小、可重復取材等優點,近年來在乳腺癌預后的相關研究中逐漸增多,且越來越多的研究發現血小板與淋巴細胞的比值(PLR)與乳腺癌的預后密切相關。本文就血小板、淋巴細胞在腫瘤發生發展中的作用、PLR在乳腺癌新輔助治療中的相關研究以及PLR與乳腺癌預后的關系作一綜述。
關鍵詞:乳腺癌;PLR;預后
中圖分類號:R737.9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.06.012
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)06-0040-03
Abstract:Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. Increasing life pressure, high mental stress, fast-food eating habits and irregular lifestyles and other factors have led to an increase in the incidence of breast cancer in women year by year, and its prevalence ranks first among Chinese women's malignant tumors, and the incidence is younger.Although great progress has been made in surgery-based comprehensive diagnosis and treatment, cancer-related deaths are still the leading cause of death. Because hematological parameters have the advantages of simple and convenient material extraction, less trauma, and easy to repeatedly obtain materials, in recent years, there have been increasing researches on hematological parameters and breast cancer prognosis. More and more studies have proved the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). It is closely related to the prognosis of breast cancer. The higher the PLR value, the worse the prognosis of the patient.This article reviews the role of platelets and lymphocytes in tumorigenesis and development, related research on PLR in neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer, and related research on PLR and breast cancer prognosis.
Key words:Breast cancer;PLR;Prognosis
乳腺癌(breast cancer)是女性最常見惡性腫瘤,中國人口基數大,癌癥相關死亡人數居高不下,且中國乳腺癌發病更趨向年輕化。據統計,每年新發乳腺癌約27.9萬人次,15~59歲的女性發病率最高[1]。目前乳腺癌的年齡標準化發病率和死亡率都呈現增高趨勢,預計到21世紀30年代,我國女性乳腺癌發病率將較2008年上升31.15%,達23.4萬例[2,3]。腫瘤微環境中的炎癥反應與腫瘤細胞的增殖、浸潤、轉移及新生血管形成等密切相關[4,5]。血液學參數是最簡單可以預示腫瘤微環境變化的指標,近年來關于血液學參數與乳腺癌預后的相關研究逐漸增多,其中血小板與淋巴細胞比值(PLR)是腫瘤微環境中全身炎癥反應的一項重要指標,目前關于PLR與胃腸、肺部惡性腫瘤的預后關系已被證實。PLR值越高,胃癌患者淋巴結轉移越多,術前高PLR值可能提示胃癌處于中、晚期[6,7]。另外,在結直腸癌、非小細胞肺癌等實體腫瘤中,PLR與腫瘤的大小、TNM分期、腫瘤分化程度及是否存在淋巴結轉移同樣存在相關性。PLR值越高,患者預后越差。高PLR患者的腫瘤常分化較差,分期較晚,患者的總生存期可能更短,并對腫瘤的復發轉移具有提示作用[8,9]。目前已有相關研究評估PLR作為預后生物標志物在乳腺癌中的潛在價值。基于此,本文主要總結近年來PLR與乳腺癌預后相關性的研究,旨在為PLR評估乳腺癌治療及預后提供參考。
1血小板、淋巴細胞在腫瘤發生發展中的作用
1.1血小板與腫瘤的關系 ?血小板在腫瘤細胞的發生和轉移過程中扮演了極其重要的角色。有研究表明腫瘤患者的血小板水平顯著高于正常健康人群,活化的血小板可促使腫瘤細胞形成癌栓,進而使腫瘤細胞免受NK細胞的殺傷作用,可促進腫瘤基質形成,并通過細胞免疫促進腫瘤細胞轉移[10-13]。同時,聚集活化的血小板還可分泌多種細胞生長因子,如血小板衍生生長因子(PDGF)、血管內皮生長因子 (VEGF)、血小板轉化因子-β(TGF-β)、血小板因子-4(PF4)等,進而刺激腫瘤生長與血管生成[14,15]。另外,活化的血小板因子可幫助腫瘤細胞發生免疫逃逸,進而促進腫瘤細胞的生長和轉移。其中VEGF是腫瘤血管生成中的重要調節物質,有研究顯示[16],癌癥患者血液中VEGF濃度顯著高于健康組,提示VEGF有可能是腫瘤監測過程中的一項重要生物標記物,但目前仍需進一步研究證實。
1.2淋巴細胞與腫瘤的關系 ?腫瘤的發生不是一個簡單的細胞病變過程,腫瘤細胞的免疫反應更是一個精密的調解反應,淋巴細胞在腫瘤免疫中起著重要的“監視”作用。機體發揮免疫功能的淋巴細胞可分為B細胞、T細胞、NK細胞、樹突狀細胞和巨噬細胞,其通過提高局部免疫狀態及誘導細胞毒性死亡來殺傷腫瘤細胞,抑制腫瘤的侵襲和轉移。T淋巴細胞主要調節蛋白質抗原引起的所有免疫應答,并清除細胞表面抗原或細胞內微生物的效應作用。T淋巴細胞及其表面抗原(CD4、CD8、CD3)主要通過細胞免疫使宿主對機體內的腫瘤組織產生自發性抵抗現象。B淋巴細胞主要通過體液免疫對腫瘤進行免疫殺傷作用,其表面免疫球蛋白通過與腫瘤抗原結合,處理和腫瘤抗原遞呈作用,進而誘導T細胞產生免疫應答。CD19、CD20是B細胞表面重要的免疫球蛋白,可在一定程度上反映出機體體液免疫功能狀態[17,18]。在惡性腫瘤患者中CD19與CD20明顯降低,表明體液免疫應答在腫瘤患者中受到顯著抑制,其中腫瘤浸潤淋巴細胞(TIL)增加提示患者預后更好,在惡性腫瘤患者預后中具有重要價值[19-21]。在三陰性乳腺癌和Her-2陽性乳腺癌患者中,TIL越高,患者無病生存期(DFS)、總生存(OS)越長,其中CD8+亞群在三陰性乳腺癌中與患者的DFS呈正相關[22]。
2 PLR在乳腺癌新輔助治療中作用
隨著精準醫學的發展,新輔助治療成為部分早期乳腺癌及晚期乳腺癌治療的主要選擇之一。目前新輔助化療療效的評估主要包括乳房病灶及腋窩的體格檢查、乳腺B超、CT等,及早判斷療效至關重要。研究表明[23],PLR與新輔助化療療效有一定相關性,PLR可以反映轉移性三陰性乳腺癌(mTNBC)患者對鉑類藥物的反應;與PLR≥200相比,PLR<200的患者PFS更長(P<0.01),表明低PLR患者行含鉑類化療方案獲益更佳。但該研究仍需大樣本前瞻性研究加以驗證,并且將這些易于測量的參數與乳腺癌預測標志物(如BRCA1/2基因檢測)相結合,進而選擇更佳精準的患者,使其從鉑類化療中獲益。目前,病理性完全緩解(PCR)是公認的乳腺癌新輔助療效評價標準,Graziano V等[24]研究發現,在乳腺癌新輔助化療患者中,低PLR組有較高的PCR率,PLR對PCR的預測價值獨立于其他常見的預后因素(如病理分級、ki-67和分子分型等)。且在與PCR相關的HER-2陽性和三陰性乳腺癌中,PLR同樣可作為預測PCR的獨立因素。Asano Y等[25]研究發現,低PLR組(<150)患者的PCR率更高,并且患者DFS和OS較高PLR組延長。Losada B等[26]研究發現,在新輔助化療后的老年乳腺癌患者(≥65歲)中,低PLR組(≤150)患者3年DFS (85.1% vs 63.6%)及OS(89.3% vs 68.1%)均高于高PLR(>150)組,其中在三陰性乳腺癌患者亞組分析中,低PLR患者有更長的DFS和更高的PCR率。需要說明的是,迄今為止,乳腺癌患者血清PLR預測新輔助化療效果的具體機制尚未完全明確,可能的機制有:①血小板是含有最大生長因子的細胞,血小板計數是癌癥活動的指標,計數較低表明癌癥的活性較低;②化療促進骨髓抑制和降低血小板計數,且化療可激活免疫反應增加淋巴細胞計數,這可能是低PLR患者在新輔助治療中有更高的PCR和更好的療效的原因。
3 PLR與乳腺癌預后的關系
目前,PLR值與乳腺癌預后的相關性已成為研究熱點,越來越多的證據顯示PLR可為乳腺癌患者的預后評估提供參考價值。Krenn-Pilko S等[27]研究發現,以292為截點值時,PLR值越高,患者OS越低,并且在所有乳腺癌亞型中,PLR與CSS存在重要相關性。Blanchette PS等[28]研究發現,高PLR(≥185)患者預后較差,該結論再大量研究中也同樣被證實[29]。Zhu Y等[30]研究發現,高PLR與更差的DFS和OS有關,即使是在接受系統性治療的乳腺癌患者中,高PLR患者預后仍然較差。但是在該研究的亞組分析中,高PLR與乳腺癌患者腋窩淋巴結轉移并無顯著相關性,而與HER-2陽性乳腺癌的預后密切相關,這與Blanchette PS等[28]的結論一致。目前關于PLR與乳腺癌預后的研究多為小樣本的回顧性分析,存在一定的不足,證據等級不高,且大多薈萃分析未對患者具體信息深入分析,因而可能存在潛在偏差。其次,不同研究的PLR截點值并不相同,盡管都將患者分為高PLR組和低PLR組,但當截點值改變時,分層可能會改變。因此,目前需要定義PLR的標準和統一的截點值。另外,各研究篩選患者時并未嚴格排除其本身患有影響血小板和淋巴細胞計數的疾病(如感染、血液系統疾病、纖維結締組織病、其他惡性腫瘤等)。基于上述原因,本研究認為,雖然目前大多研究顯示高PLR是乳腺癌患者OS和DFS惡化的一個指標,且PLR與HER-2陽性相關,但該結論仍需要高質量的、大樣本研究來驗證。
4總結
目前關于乳腺癌預后的評估主要依靠病理學指標,但其具有不可重復性,且部分病理指標(如ki-67等)具有主觀差異性,在腫瘤切除后無法實時監測,進而影響治療療效及復發轉移的評估。基因檢測技術雖對患者的預后評估具有重要價值,但目前國內尚無統一檢測技術及評判標準,且檢測費用高昂,難以普及。在乳腺癌患者中,高PLR患者更容易出現復發或轉移等情況,其生存期更短;并且在新輔助化療中,低PLR者對于化療可能更敏感,PCR率更高。高PLR可能與乳腺癌患者的臨床病理特征有關,特別是三陰性和HER-2陽性乳腺癌患者。因此,PLR有望成為監測乳腺癌患者治療療效的預測指標和預后的特異性生物標志物,也可能為乳腺癌的分子靶向、免疫治療等提供新的治療靶點,并為乳腺癌藥物的提供新的研發思路。
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收稿日期:2019-10-24;修回日期:2019-11-29
編輯/成森