哈爾濱市永源中學 王松梅
(此課選自人教版《英語》七年級下冊Unit 8 When is your birthday。)
美國著名作家和教育家L-Ron Hubbar先生的教育學理論認為:影響理解和應用的最重要因素是詞匯。在英語學習中掌握詞匯數量的多少和運用詞匯的熟練程度對語言交際能力、閱讀能力和寫作能力的培養有著直接的影響。那么如何在課堂上幫助學生更有效地記憶單詞呢?
Our memory is known as short term memory and long term memory,which is our capacity for recall of information minutes,weeks and years after the original input.Information stored in the memory falls into disuse unless it is activated fairly regularly.In other words,we need to practice and revise what we learn otherwise the new input will gradually fade in the memory and ultimately disappear.This is called the decay theory.If memory traces do gradually fade in the memory without regular practice then it is clearly necessary that we create opportunities in the classroom for students to practise what they have learned.
Recent trend in methodology have stressed the need for meaningful activities in the classroom.More meaningful tasks require learners to analyse and process language more deeply,which helps the students to commit information to long term memory.A student’s“personal investment”has a very positive effect on memorisation.
本課話題為談論日期,表述自己或家人、朋友的生日以及近期活動安排。
【Section A活動設計】
新授詞匯:12個月
報告人借助日歷提示單人匯報,其他學生在聽后以相互問答的方式進行反饋。一方面訓練學生通過聽來捕捉和記錄信息的能力,通過匯報和問答的方式訓練說和輸出信息的能力;另一方面可以激活學生已有詞匯,預熱主題情境,以便自然進入話題,為學習新單詞和討論新話題打下伏筆。此環節設計是教師半控制下的活動,報告人事先有所準備(語言材料和問題設置),目的是使所呈現的語言材料更豐富和準確,所提出的問題更合理。
1.One student do a daily report in the front and others listen to him or her carefully,then the reporter or the students can ask one or more questions about the report one by one.
2.After that,the teacher can ask the last question“Which month is it now?”At the same time,show the big calendar including twelve months in class to learn twelve months.
Activity I Do a daily report
Ask and answer about the daily report as much as possible.
Eg.1.What day is it today?
2.What’s the date today?
3.Which month is it now?
4.Do you like this month?Why or why not?
5.How’s the weather today?
6.Who is not here today?
7.How many classes do we have today?
8.Are there any activities today?
Activity II Talk about birthday
1.When is your birthday?(Work in pairs)
The teacher make a conversation with a student as an example,then work in pairs.
T:When is your birthday?
S:My birthday is in July.
2.When is her/his birthday?(work in groups with 4 students)
S1:When is your birthday?
S2:My birthday is in June.
S3:When is her/his birthday?
S4:Her/His birthday is in June.
3.Is her/his birthday in August?(work in groupswith 6 students)
S1:When is your birthday?
S2:My birthday is in August?
S3:When is her/his birthday?
S4:Her/His birthday is in August?
S5:Is her/his birthday in August?
S6:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t.It’s in September.
學習單詞是一個過程。在教師的引導下,首先,通過簡單的對話感知12個月的音和意,同時教師糾正發音;然后4人小組會話,由討論自己的生日延伸到討論他人的生日,重復新詞;最后,6人小組會話,用不同的句式談論你、我、他的生日,學生自主地運用新詞,新舊詞匯交替出現,循環往復,但絕不是同一個詞的機械重復,而是在使用不同的句式談論不同的人。當學生能辨認和理解一個詞,這個詞就成為被動詞匯(passive vocabulary),當學生能在聽和說中使用它,這個詞就從被動詞匯變成了主動詞匯(active vocabulary),詞匯教學的目的就是讓最普通的詞成為學生的主動詞匯。在這個循環往復中,12個月份應該成為學生的積極詞匯。
Activity III A guessing game about months.
S1:Which month comes before February?
S2:January.J-A-N-U-A-R-Y.Which is the hottest month of a year?
S3:Do you like swimming? You can swim in this month and it’s not cold...
男女生PK參與活動,兩人背對白板(展示某個月份),下面的同伴描述這個月份,肢體和語言可以并用,還必須適當地用英語交流互動,讓臺上伙伴猜出這個月份并拼寫該單詞。這個游戲的設計符合學生的年齡特點,更重要的是抓住了學生的興趣點,教師大膽放手,學生對12個月的記憶痕跡得到了強化。
此環節是開放性的活動生成部分。在了解一個詞的基本音形意后,在語境中循環使用它,擴展相關知識,可以強化對這個詞的理解和記憶。
【Section B活動設計】
新授詞匯:English test,school trip,party,basketball game,soccer game,School Day,English Day.
Activity I Get to know some events
1.Discuss these pictures
T:What can you see in the picture? What are they doing?
S:......
(showing some pictures one by one and talking about them asmuch aspossible.)
2.Match the pictures with the events
(1)English test (6)Book sale(2)School trip (7)English Day(3)Party (8)Art festival(4)Basketball game (9)Sports Day(5)School Day
利用畫面的信息情境展開聯想,表達對畫面的理解和知識延展,以便進入課堂情境:談論事件發生的日期以及近期的活動安排。教師適當介紹學生不夠了解的活動,以免學生產生思維定式;圖文匹配,明確相關活動的英文表達和活動的意義,引導學生讀準每個活動的名稱。
Activity II Associative memory
1.English test——Chinese test,math test,P.E.test,drawing test,Japanese test...
2.School trip——bus trip,train trip,bike trip,plane trip...
3.Party——birthday party,dancing party,singing party,school party,New Year’s Party...
4.art festival——Spring Festival,Mid-autumn Festival...
5.soccer game——basketball game,volleyball game,badminton game,ping-pong game...
最后,引導學生舉一反三,運用新舊詞匯合理搭配生成新的語塊,此時學生再有興趣地主動創造,不僅擴大了詞匯量,更有利于對新單詞的長久記憶。
學生在了解了詞語的基本意義后,教師提供各種各樣的活動和情境讓學生主動參與語言實踐反復使用這些新的詞匯,這會有助于他們把新詞匯轉化成積極詞匯,從而促進新單詞的記憶。學生的個人投入對記憶單詞也更有積極的影響。以下從聽讀寫的活動設計方面分析如何有效記憶單詞。
Activity III.Listen and finish the following tasks
1.Listen and circle the events you hear
(1)English test(2)Party(3)English Day(4)Sports Day
(5)School trip (6)Basketball game(7)Art festival
2.Listen again and fill in John’s calendar.
通過聽來鞏固理解詞匯:1.帶著任務聽會話,此任務能力要求比較低。一方面訓練學生通過聽來捕捉和記錄信息的能力;另一方面可以起到再認識剛接觸的詞匯,在特定的情境中進一步理解詞語。2.繼續帶著任務聽對話,能力要求提高,學生既要寫出表述事件的短語,又要聽清楚具體的日期,需要高度的注意力。教師可提示學生用字母來代替事件,之后再轉換成相應的短語。通過此活動,幫助學生建立上述短語的音和形的聯系。通過聽,學生們會更關注“任務”的過程和結果,所學單詞不再是“單打獨斗”,而是“合作共贏”!

Dates Activities
ActivityⅣ.Read the school notice
1.Skim the notice and list the activities and the dates.
通過“讀”來強化應用詞匯。帶著目的閱讀文本,引導學生抓關鍵詞(本課的新詞匯和重點詞塊)來搜尋所需信息,并通過完成表格的形式反饋,更重要的是在解決實際問題中應用了所學詞匯,有效提高了相關單詞的復現率,有助于進一步長久記憶所學的詞匯。
2.Ask and answer the questions about the notice.
T:1)How many activities do they have this term? What are they?(細節信息)
2)How many activities do they have in September? What are they?(細節信息)
3)How many activities do they have in October/November/December?What are they?(細節信息,分析歸納)
4)Which month has the most activities? Are the students busy?(比較,判斷)
5)Do you think the students will have a good time this term?(推測,推理)
Ss:......
T:Can you show your questions to us?
教師設計有梯度的問題,引導學生搜尋歸納語篇信息,鞏固對生詞的理解,學生對文本提出問題,用不同的思維形式研讀文本,再次強化對月份、活動等新單詞的理解和記憶。通過控制性的問題,學生對詞匯的理解不再停留在基本層面,而是要運用詞匯對文本信息進行搜尋查找、分析歸納、推理判斷和質疑。
3.Order the activities in the form according to your most interested and least interested.And tell your teacher and classmates the reason if you like.
改變思維模式,設計開放性活動,換種思維方式處理信息,學生對詞匯的學習已經完全脫離書本,主動選擇,精心判斷,再次通過“用語言做事情”鞏固記憶所學詞匯。

Activities Months Dates School Day Art Festival English Party Sports Meet Basketball Game School Trip
Activity V Be the owner of my school
Finish the following form,then write a notice.
Dear students,We have many interesting and fun activities for you to do this term......
通過“寫”的活動應用所學詞匯。學生假設自己是某學校校長,為該校學生安排本學期的活動。學生四人一組討論方案,在組內完成以上信息表,作為寫作提綱,然后以本課通知語篇為模板,寫一份學校通知。最后請一名學生朗讀,向全班發布。本活動目的是創造性地使用活動名稱及日期的表達法,促進語言的形成,同時提高學生的主人翁意識,培養合作精神。通過創造性的活動鼓勵學生用自己的想法做事情,這個活動具有很強的交際性,需要團隊合作完成,真正體現“用語言做事情”的教學真諦!
通過以上詞匯教學中的方法分析,希望能和大家一起交流英語詞匯教學的困惑與感悟,改變當下學生低效率的英語學習現狀,更希望能引起大家的思考,如何使我們的英語學習在科學的方法引導下取得事半功倍的效果,真正落實新課標實現學生英語學習方式的變革。初中英語詞匯教學是一項長期而又復雜的過程,需要英語教師在今后的教學中,根據教學對象的實際情況,取多家之長,靈活采用教學策略,不斷提高詞匯教學效率,促進學生更好地學習英語。